{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:42:42Z","timestamp":1793835762586,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)\u2013Cas system technology offers a promising tool to combat AMR by targeting and disabling resistance genes in WHO bacterial priority pathogens. Thus, we systematically reviewed the potential of CRISPR\u2013Cas technology to address AMR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus and PubMed databases, focusing on publications from 2014 to June 2024. Keywords included \u201cCRISPR\/Cas,\u201d \u201cantimicrobial resistance,\u201d and \u201cpathogen.\u201d The eligibility criteria required original studies involving CRISPR\/Cas systems that targeted AMR. Data were extracted from eligible studies, qualitatively synthesized, and assessed for bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)-standardized tool.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data from 48 eligible studies revealed diverse CRISPR\u2013Cas systems, including CRISPR\u2013Cas9, CRISPR\u2013Cas12a, and CRISPR\u2013Cas3, targeting various AMR genes, such as <jats:italic>blaOXA-232, blaNDM, blaCTX-M, ermB, vanA, mecA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>fosA3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blaKPC<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mcr-1,<\/jats:italic> which are responsible for carbapenem, cephalosporin, methicillin, macrolide, vancomycin, colistin, and fosfomycin resistance. Some studies have explored the role of CRISPR in virulence gene suppression, including enterotoxin genes, <jats:italic>tsst1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>iutA<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Delivery mechanisms include bacteriophages, nanoparticles, electro-transformation, and conjugative plasmids, which demonstrate high efficiency in vitro and in vivo. CRISPR-based diagnostic applications have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, with detection limits as low as 2.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\/mL, significantly outperforming conventional methods. Experimental studies have reported significant reductions in resistant bacterial populations and complete suppression of the targeted strains. Engineered phagemid particles and plasmid-curing systems have been shown to eliminate IncF plasmids, cured plasmids carrying <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>blaNDM<\/jats:italic> with 94% efficiency, and restore antibiotic susceptibility. Gene re-sensitization strategies have been used to restore fosfomycin susceptibility in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and eliminate blaKPC-2-mediated carbapenem resistance in MDR bacteria. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools have provided deeper insights into CRISPR-mediated defense mechanisms. Optimization strategies have significantly enhanced gene-editing efficiencies, offering a promising approach for tackling AMR in high-priority WHO pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CRISPR\u2013Cas technology has the potential to address AMR across priority WHO pathogens. While promising, challenges in optimizing in vivo delivery, mitigating potential resistance, and navigating ethical-regulatory barriers must be addressed to facilitate clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00728-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T20:15:03Z","timestamp":1743711303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Reinvigorating AMR resilience: leveraging CRISPR\u2013Cas technology potentials to combat the 2024 WHO bacterial priority pathogens for enhanced global health security\u2014a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olalekan John","family":"Okesanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5991-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mustaf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3595-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerico Bautista","family":"Ogaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6647-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blessing Olawunmi","family":"Amisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9367-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonaventure Michael","family":"Ukoaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaniyi Abideen","family":"Adigun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emery","family":"Manirambona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9282-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olakulehin","family":"Adebusuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3914-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhinya Kawa","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3997-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olanegan Gloria","family":"Oluwakemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseunayo Deborah","family":"Ayando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ivy Rochelle S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5237-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimat Bola","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8508-3006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Hakeem","family":"Kayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3587-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolutope Adebimpe","family":"Oso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8013-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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