{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:05:23Z","timestamp":1774890323413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is recognized as a cause of acute viral hepatitis, particularly in low-resource and humanitarian settings, although its burden varies across different populations and geographic areas. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are at high risk due to inadequate sanitation and contaminated water. This study aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology and genotypes of HEV among IDPs in Al-Azaza Camp, Blue Nile State, Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2021 during the rainy season. Serum samples from 1,078 participants were screened for anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies. A subset of 20 IgM-positive samples was selected for molecular analysis using real-time RT-PCR. Eighteen high-quality RNA-positive samples were sequenced, and genotyping was performed based on the ORF2 region. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the HEV Genotyping Tool and Geneious Prime software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 75.6% of participants tested positive for IgG antibodies. All sequenced isolates (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918) were classified as genotype 1, subtype 1e (HEV-1e), closely related to\n                      <jats:italic>Paslahepevirus balayani<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The isolates clustered with reference strains from Chad and Nigeria, indicating regional circulation and genetic conservation of HEV-1e in sub-Saharan Africa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the single-site scope and low RNA yield limitations, the study findings align with regional HEV-1e circulation patterns and emphasize the need for sustained surveillance and consideration of cross-border transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00864-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:04:44Z","timestamp":1765537484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling hepatitis E virus diversity in Sudan\u2019s internally displaced populations: a molecular epidemiology approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Hytham A.","family":"Osman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafaa M. 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The permission to carry out the study in the IDP camp was taken from the Ministry of Health, Blue Nile State, Sudan. Written consent was taken from all study participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ethical guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from each participant (or caregivers of infants, children, and the mentally handicapped) after explaining the aim and concerns of the study. Data sheets were coded by number to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of the participants\u2019 data. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors approved the submission of the manuscript for publication, and they consent to the use of their anonymized data in this research study, and they understand that the results may be published in a scientific journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"186"}}