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The World Health Organization recommends two-component dimeticone (NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) as the sole treatment for tungiasis; however, this topical medication is not available in Kenya. In western Kenya, sodium carbonate has been adopted as a traditional village-based treatment. A pilot study found that the proportion of dead fleas on day 7 was higher with NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      treatment than that with 5% sodium carbonate treatment (87% vs. 64%, respectively). This study was aimed at assessing the 11-day cure rates of tungiasis by comparing the efficacy of sodium carbonate and NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      treatments in Vihiga County, Kenya.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A randomised, observer-blinded, non-inferiority trial was conducted, with the non-inferiority margin set at 10%. A total of 160 eligible children with 941 flea infections were matched and randomised. The number of lesions per child per foot ranged from 1 to 10, with a median of 5 lesions. Each participant received both treatments, with one treatment applied to each foot. Health conditions, including inflammation scores and adverse events, were recorded. Observations were recorded on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 using a digital microscope to determine flea viability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 157 children aged 4\u201315\u00a0years were analysed, comprising a total of 843 lesions. On day 11, the proportion of dead fleas was 88% for NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 77% for 5% sodium carbonate solution (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No significant differences were observed in inflammation scores or symptoms such as pain and itchiness between the two treatments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated that 5% sodium carbonate did not meet the non-inferiority margin compared with NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      in treating tungiasis. Nevertheless, in settings where NYDA\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      is not accessible, it may still be considered an alternative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      This study was registered with UMIN-CTR (Trial ID: UMIN000044320; reception desk number: R000050621) on 28 May 2021.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-026-00909-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1773303637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of dimeticone oils versus sodium carbonate solution in the treatment of tungiasis in Kenya: a non-inferiority randomised trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"54","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"umin000044320","registry":"10.18810\/umin-japan"}],"author":[{"given":"Kana","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juma","family":"Vitalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obino","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigael","family":"Osendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asiko","family":"Ongaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Amukoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"909_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652005000600001","volume":"47","author":"J Heukelbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heukelbach J. 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This study was approved by the Scientific and Ethics Review Committee of Kenya Medical Research Institute (reference number: KEMRI\/SERU\/CRDR\/070\/4420). This study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was also obtained from The National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (reference number: NACOSTI\/P\/22\/19550) of Kenya. Children and caregivers provided written assent\/fingerprints and consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}