{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:46:12Z","timestamp":1783784772776,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T08:16:17Z","timestamp":1771402577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In vitro cytotoxicity of medicinal plants used in prostate cancer management in Africa: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Thaddeus","family":"Bwesigye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Nerima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kyambadde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mulindwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Byarugaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"923_CR1","first-page":"229","volume":"February","author":"B Ferlay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferlay B, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;February:229\u201363.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR2","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020\u202f: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"923_CR3","first-page":"22","volume":"April","author":"SA Adebayo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adebayo SA, Bibilari AB, Oluwabunmi OO. Prostate cancer in Africa\u202f: addressing diagnostic gaps and treatment challenges on the continent. Prostate Cancer. 2025;April:22\u20135.","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR4","first-page":"3890","volume":"15","author":"EO Olapade-olaopa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olapade-olaopa EO, Yisa GT, Obamuyide HA. Management of advanced prostate cancer in Africa. Can J Urol. 2008;15(1):3890\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"923_CR5","volume-title":"Understanding Africa\u2019s prostate cancer prevalence, risks and prevention mechanisms","author":"WHO","year":"2025","unstructured":"WHO. Understanding Africa\u2019s prostate cancer prevalence, risks and prevention mechanisms. Geneva: WHO; 2025."},{"key":"923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70061","author":"P Lara","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lara P, Hershman D. Cancer statistics, 2026: charting a course for a national cancer research agenda. CA Cancer J Clin. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.70061.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"923_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.2185","volume":"10","author":"HH Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng HH, Shevach JW, Castro E, Couch FJ, Domchek SM, Eeles RA, et al. BRCA1, BRCA2 and associated cancer risks and management for males: a review. JAMA oncol. 2025;10(9):1272\u201381.","journal-title":"JAMA oncol"},{"key":"923_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004362","author":"H Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui H, Zhang W, Zhang L, Qu Y, Xu Z, Tan Z, et al. Risk factors for prostate cancer: an umbrella review of prospective observational studies and mendelian randomization analyses. PLOS Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004362.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"5730","key":"923_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"M Sekhoacha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A. Prostate cancer review: genetics, diagnosis, treatment options, and alternative approaches. Molecules. 2022;27(5730):1\u201333.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"923_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36255\/exonpublications.prostatecancer.pathogenesis.2021","volume-title":"The pathogenesis of prostate cancer","author":"TBJ Murray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murray TBJ. The pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Brisbane: Exon Publications; 2021."},{"key":"923_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02245-4","author":"Y Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song Y, Hou Z, Zhu L, Chen Y, Li J. Oxidative stress as a catalyst in prostate cancer progression\u202f: unraveling molecular mechanisms and exploring therapeutic interventions. Discov Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02245-4.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"923_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"February","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Cheng D, Li P. Androgen receptor dynamics in prostate cancer\u202f: from disease progression to treatment resistance. Front Oncol. 2025;February:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0517","author":"S Ben-salem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben-salem S, Venkadakrishnan VB, Heemers HV. Novel insights in cell cycle dysregulation during prostate cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-20-0517.","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"454","key":"923_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"P Ansari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ansari P, Reberio AD, Ansari NJ, Kumar S, Khan JT, Chowdhury S, et al. Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents in diabetes, cancer, infections, cardiovascular diseases. Inflamm Gastrointest Disord Biomed. 2025;13(454):1\u201340.","journal-title":"Inflamm Gastrointest Disord Biomed"},{"key":"923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Mckenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann C, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement\u202f: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"923_CR16","unstructured":"Geran R, Greenberg N, Donald M. Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumors and other biological systems. 1972."},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR17","first-page":"129","volume":"46","author":"J Boik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boik J. Natural compounds in cancer therapy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46(1):129\u201330.","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"923_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v17i6.2","volume":"17","author":"B Ouedraogo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouedraogo B, Bayala B, Kabor\u00e9 B, Fabienne P, Zongo I, Ouedraogo E, et al. Antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Combretum paniculatum and Fadogia agrestis extracts on prostate and cervical cancers cell lines. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2023;17(6):2158\u201369.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"923_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v14i3.1","volume":"14","author":"B Bayala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bayala B, Zohoncon TM, Djigma FW, Nadembega C, Baron S, Lobaccaro J, et al. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities on prostate and cervical cultured cancer cells of five medicinal plant extracts from Burkina Faso. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2020;14:652\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"923_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112251","volume":"247","author":"S Zingue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zingue S, Jo\u00ebl A, Yaya G, Michel T, Tantoh D, Rutz J, et al. Bioguided identification of daucosterol, a compound that contributes to the cytotoxicity e ff ects of Crateva adansonii DC (capparaceae) to prostate cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;247:112251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112251.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR21","first-page":"24","volume":"1","author":"JK Abankwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abankwa JK, Dotse E, Appiah-opong R, Nyarko AK. Antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer activities of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Carica papaya. Health Sci Invest J. 2020;1(1):24\u201330.","journal-title":"Health Sci Invest J"},{"issue":"11","key":"923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.601114","volume":"6","author":"MT Anim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anim MT, Larbie C, Appiah-opong R, Tuffour I, Owusu KB, awuah, Aning A. Extracts of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss is cytotoxic on human leukemic, breast and prostate cancer cell lines. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016;6(11):87\u201393.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"923_CR23","unstructured":"Agyapong SNA. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Properties of Aqueous Extracts of Fleurya Aestuans and Momordica Charantia on Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. University of Ghana; 2018. https:\/\/ugspace.ug.edu.gh\/items\/3d244734-7967-442b-bb32-a02e34a07669"},{"issue":"5","key":"923_CR24","first-page":"392","volume":"8","author":"R Appiah-opong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Appiah-opong R, Asante IK, Safo DO, Tuffour I, Ofori- E, Uto T, et al. Cytotoxic effects of albizia zygia (DC) JF Macbr, a Ghanaian medicinal plant, against human t-lymphoblast-like leukemia, prostate and breast cancer cell. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8(5):392\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"923_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.10.001","volume":"162","author":"MA Orabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orabi MA, Ibrahim N, Gad HA, Choucry MA. Comparative study of the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of organs of Kigelia africana and their topoisomerase I inhibitory activities. S Afr J Bot. 2023;162:838\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.10.001.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"923_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0501.1000205","author":"GA Shaimaa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaimaa GA, Mahmoud MS, Emam AA. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activities and in vitro anticancer potential of Egyptian Capsicum Spp. Biochem Pharmacol Open Access. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-0501.1000205.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol Open Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"923_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR2022.7214","volume":"16","author":"BM Kateihwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kateihwa BM, Swai H, Gathirwa JW, Sauli E. In vitro antiproliferative potential of crude extracts from Carica papaya L. (caricaceae) black seeds against prostate cancer cell lines \u2019. J Med Plants Res. 2022;16(4):141\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Plants Res"},{"key":"923_CR28","unstructured":"Kimani PM. In vitro anti-proliferative activity of selected plant extracts against cervical and prostate cancer cell lines master of science (Molecular Medicine) Jomo Kenyatta University. 2022."},{"key":"923_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriasi G, Ngugi M, Mwitari P, Omwenga G. Cytotoxicity, antiprostate cancer effects, and phytochemical composition of the dichloromethane stem bark extract of Acacia gerrardii (Benth.): A preliminary preclinical investigation. 2024.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5036675"},{"issue":"12","key":"923_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309258","volume":"19","author":"GM Id","year":"2024","unstructured":"Id GM, Ngugi M, Mwitari P, Omwenga G. Antioxidant, anti-prostate cancer potential, and phytochemical composition of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Boascia coriacea. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(12):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0309258.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JOCAMR\/2018\/44413","volume":"6","author":"DK Njuguna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Njuguna DK, Mbuthia K, Mutuku C, Jepkorir M, Wanjiru J, Mwangangi R, et al. Phytochemical composition and in vitro anti- proliferative activity of Oxygonum sinuatum (Meisn.) dammer on selected cancerous cells. J Complement Altern Med Res. 2018;6(2):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Complement Altern Med Res"},{"key":"923_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1483856","author":"G Moriasi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moriasi G, Ngugi M, Mwitari P, Omwenga G. In vitro anti-prostate cancer efficacy and phytochemical composition of the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Vitex doniana ( sweet ). Front Pharmacol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1483856.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"923_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01943","volume":"22","author":"I Oluwaseun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oluwaseun I, Atieno F, Kyama M, Ngoci S. Antiproliferative activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Euphorbia ingens against prostate cancer cell line\u202f: an in silico and in vitro analysis. Sci African. 2023;22:e01943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01943.","journal-title":"Sci African"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04642-8","volume":"24","author":"IO Okpako","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okpako IO, Atieno F, Kyama CM, Njeru SN. Network pharmacology molecular docking, and in vitro study on Aspilia pluriseta against prostate cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024;24(1):338.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i2.37","volume":"14","author":"L Belayachi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belayachi L, Aceves-luquero C, Merghoub N, Villalonga P, Bakri Y, Cell C, et al. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by Ormenis eriolepis a Morrocan endemic plant in various human cancer cell lines. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017;14(2):356\u201373.","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"923_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01666","author":"PH Mfengwana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mfengwana PH, Mashele SS, Manduna IT. Heliyon Cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis of Asparagus laricinus Burch and Senecio asperulus DC on breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Heliyon. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01666.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8232851","author":"R Komakech","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komakech R, Yim N, Shim K, Jung H, Byun J, Lee J, et al. Root extract of a micropropagated Prunus africana medicinal plant induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells ( PC-3 ) via caspase-3 activation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8232851.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ajacr\/2020\/v6i430166","volume":"6","author":"W Nassazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nassazi W, Owino IOK, Makatiani J, Wachira S. Phytochemical composition , antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of African basil ( Ocimum gratissimum L .) leaves. Asian J Appl Chem Res. 2020;6(4):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Asian J Appl Chem Res"},{"key":"923_CR39","first-page":"129","volume":"22","author":"AO Oriola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oriola AO, Aladesanmi AJ, Arthur G. Anticancer activity of three African mistletoes. Niger J Nat Prod Med. 2018;22:129\u201334.","journal-title":"Niger J Nat Prod Med"},{"key":"923_CR40","first-page":"1143","volume":"4","author":"EEJ Iweala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iweala EEJ, Bankole EO, Iheagwam FN, Dania OE, Ntite UF. Cytotoxic assessment of Xylopia aethiopica [Dun.] A. on human prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020;4:1143\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop J Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"923_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.020","volume":"233","author":"OT Oyebode","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oyebode OT, Owumi SE, Oyelere AK, Olorunsogo OO. Calliandra portoricensis Benth exhibits anticancer e ff ects via alteration of Bax \/ Bcl-2 ratio and growth arrest in prostate LNCaP cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;233:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.020.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123658","volume":"26","author":"S Tesfaye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tesfaye S, Braun H, Asres K, Engidawork E, Belete A, Muhammad I, et al. Ethiopian medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of cancer Part 3: selective cytotoxic activity of 22 plants against human cancer cell lines. Molecules. 2021;26(12):3658.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR43","first-page":"3","volume":"3","author":"MA Elnour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elnour MA, Penech F, Mesaik MA. Four selected Sudanese medicinal plants induce anticancer and cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cell line. Clin Med Biochem. 2017;3(2):3\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Med Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"MA Elnour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elnour MA, Khalid A, Penech F, Mesaik MA. Anti prostate cancer, anti oxidant activity and cytotoxicity of some Sudanese medicinal plants. Contemp Chem. 2018;1(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Contemp Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"923_CR45","first-page":"117","volume":"15","author":"M Matlou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matlou M, Choene M, Motadi L. Evaluation of Leptospermum petersonii methanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts for antimetastatic and apoptotic effects against pancreatic and prostate cancer cells. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2025;15(12):117\u201333.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60052-3","volume":"3","author":"B Joseph","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joseph B, Jini D. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2013;3(2):93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"923_CR47","first-page":"2","volume":"4","author":"OO Adewale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adewale OO, Oduyemi OI, Ayokunle O. Oral administration of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia affect reproductive hormones of adult female Wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(Suppl 1):2\u20135.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"923_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00679-x","author":"L Moya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moya L, Walpole C, Rae F, Srinivasan S, Seim I, Lai J, et al. Characterisation of cell lines derived from prostate cancer patients with localised disease. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-023-00679-x.","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"2651","key":"923_CR49","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"S Saranyutanon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saranyutanon S, Deshmukh SK, Dasgupta S, Pai S, Singh S, Singh AP. Cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer: models for basic and preclinical research. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(2651):1\u201326.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180040","volume":"37","author":"K Fujita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujita K, Nonomura N. Role of androgen receptor in prostate cancer\u202f: a review. World J Mens Health. 2019;37(3):288\u201395.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"923_CR51","first-page":"115","volume":"37","author":"JS Horoszewicz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Chu TM, Wajsman ZL, Friedman M, Papsidero L, et al. The LNCaP cell line\u2013a new model for studies on human prostatic carcinoma. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1980;37:115\u201332.","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"923_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3125","author":"P Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu P, Duan X, Cheng Y, Liu C, Chen Y. Androgen-independent LNCaP cells are a subline of LNCaP cells with a more aggressive phenotype and androgen suppresses their growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Int J Mol Med. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3125.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR53","first-page":"16","volume":"17","author":"ME Kaighn","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kaighn ME, Narayan KS, Ohnuki Y, Lechner JF, Jones LW. Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Invest Urol. 1979;17(1):16\u201323.","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"923_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910210305","volume":"281","author":"KR Stone","year":"1978","unstructured":"Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H, Mickey GH, Paulson DF. Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145). Int J Cancer. 1978;281:274\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"923_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-999-0115-4","volume":"35","author":"RM Sramkoski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sramkoski RM, Pretlow TG, Giaconia JM, Pretlow TP, Schwartz S, Sy MS, et al. A new human prostate carcinoma cell line, 22R v1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Anim. 1999;35(7):403\u20139.","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14440\/jbm.2015.63","volume":"2","author":"D Cunningham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cunningham D, You Z. In vitro and in vivo model systems used in prostate cancer research. J Biol Method. 2015;2(1):1\u201328.","journal-title":"J Biol Method"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2023.12307","volume":"12","author":"AD Refaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Refaz AD, Shahnawaz M, Ahanger MA, Majid I. Exploring the diverse bioactive compounds from medicinal plants\u202f: a review. J Phytopharm. 2023;12(3):189\u201395.","journal-title":"J Phytopharm"},{"key":"923_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175377","author":"MC Dias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26175377.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"923_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09567-6","author":"W Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang W, Du J, Nie M, Wang X. Recent advances in flavonoid compounds for the treatment of prostate cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09567-6.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"923_CR60","first-page":"4103","volume":"6","author":"M Greenwell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greenwell M, Rahman PKS. Medicinal plants\u202f: their use in anticancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(10):4103\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"923_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2018.05.001","volume":"9","author":"B Debnath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Debnath B, Somraj W, Das M, Goswami S, Kumar M, Maiti D, et al. Role of plant alkaloids on human health: a review of biological activities. Mater Today Chem. 2018;9:56\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtchem.2018.05.001.","journal-title":"Mater Today Chem"},{"issue":"27","key":"923_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"W Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan W, Lu J, Huang M, Li Y, Chen M, Wu G, et al. Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs. Chin Med. 2011;6(27):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"923_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3923\/ijbc.2015.332.340","volume":"9","author":"I Yildirim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yildirim I, Kutlu T. Anticancer agents: saponin and tannin. Int J Biol Chem. 2015;9(6):332\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem"},{"key":"923_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163861","volume":"29","author":"SJ Camara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Camara SJ, Perestrelo R, Ferreira R, Berenguer CV, Pereira JAM, Castilho PC. Plant-derived terpenoids\u202f: a plethora of bioactive compounds with several health functions and industrial applications \u2014 a comprehensive overview. Molecules. 2024;29:3861.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1000333","key":"923_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"H Cock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cock H. An overview on diversity, structure and functions of terpenes. Org Chem Curr Res. 2023;12(1000333):1\u20132.","journal-title":"Org Chem Curr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"923_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.04.019","volume":"77","author":"Q Tong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tong Q, He Y, Zhao Q, Qing Y, Huang W, Wu X. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing effect of steroidal saponins from Dioscorea zingiberensis Wright against cancer cells. Steroids. 2012;77(12):1219\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.04.019.","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"4131","key":"923_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"D Ciupei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ciupei D, Coli A, Leopold L, St A. Polyphenols: from classification to therapeutic potential and bioavailability. Foods. 2024;13(4131):1\u201336.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"923_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-025-01578-6","author":"A Basit","year":"2025","unstructured":"Basit A, Wen S, Wang S. Effects of polyphenols on cancer cell progression mediated by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): the emerging drug targets in cancer. Arch Pharm Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12272-025-01578-6.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"923_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.09.004","volume":"17","author":"M Larrosa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Larrosa M, Toma FA, Esp\u0131 CJ. The dietary hydrolysable tannin punicalagin releases ellagic acid that induces apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells by using the mitochondrial pathway. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17:611\u201325.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"923_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32834438f6","volume":"22","author":"A Burgeiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burgeiro A, Gajate C, Habib EL, Villa-pulgar\u0131 JA, Oliveira PJ, Mollinedo F. Involvement of mitochondrial and B-RAF \/ ERK signaling pathways in berberine-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2010;22(6):507\u201318.","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"issue":"40","key":"923_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27456","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.033795","volume":"284","author":"F Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang F, Wang D, Duan C, Huang D, Wu Y, Chen Y, et al. Berberine inhibits metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5-8F cells by targeting Rho kinase-mediated ezrin phosphorylation at threonine 567 * \u25a1. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(40):27456\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M109.033795.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR72","first-page":"6","volume":"8","author":"AMM El Aziz","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Aziz AMM, Ashour AS, Melad ASG. A review on saponins from medicinal plants\u202f: chemistry , isolation , and determination. J Nanomed Res. 2019;8(1):6\u201312.","journal-title":"J Nanomed Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR73","first-page":"130","volume":"17","author":"AM Onwuka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Onwuka AM, Peter I, Ofokansi MN. Terpenoids and the mechanism of their anticancer effects. Int J Green Pharm. 2023;17(2):130\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Green Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"923_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt058","volume":"34","author":"X Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang X, Bai H, Zhang X, Liu J, Cao P, Liao N, et al. Inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid on hepatocellular carcinoma via ERK \u2013 p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(6):1323\u201330.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"923_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2101","author":"J Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin J, Chen Y, Wei L, Hong Z, Sferra TJ, Peng JUN. Ursolic acid inhibits colorectal cancer angiogenesis through suppression of multiple signaling pathways. Int J Oncol. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2013.2101.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"923_CR76","volume-title":"Recent advances in natural products analysis","author":"K Niaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niaz K, Khan F, Shah MA. Analysis of quinonoids. In: Recent advances in natural products analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020."},{"key":"923_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.12.012","volume":"45","author":"P Suboj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suboj P, Babykutty S, Roshan D, Gopi V, Nair RS, Srinivas P, et al. Aloe emodin inhibits colon cancer cell migration \/ angiogenesis by downregulating MMP-2 \/ 9 , RhoB and VEGF via reduced DNA binding activity of NF- j B. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012;45:581\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"923_CR78","first-page":"1","volume":"2024","author":"M Mustafa","year":"1838","unstructured":"Mustafa M, Ahmad R, Tantry IQ, Ahmad W, Siddiqui S, Alam M, et al. Apoptosis: a comprehensive overview of signaling pathways, morphological changes, and physiological significance and therapeutic implications. Cells. 1838;2024(13):1\u201329.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"457","key":"923_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"DM Kopustinskiene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kopustinskiene DM, Jakstas V, Savickas A, Bernatoniene J. Flavonoids as anticancer agents. Nutrients. 2020;12(457):1\u201325.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"923_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.30413","volume":"February","author":"S Kowalski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kowalski S, Karska J, Lapinska Z, Hetnal B, Saczko J, Kulbacka J. An overview of programmed cell death\u202f: apoptosis and pyroptosis \u2014 mechanisms , differences , and significance in organism physiology and pathophysiology. J Cell Biochem. 2023;February:765\u201384.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"923_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235760","volume":"29","author":"A Intharuksa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Intharuksa A, Kuljarusnont S, Sasaki Y, Tungmunnithum D. Flavonoids and other polyphenols\u202f: bioactive molecules from traditional medicine recipes \/ medicinal plants and their potential for phytopharmaceutical and medical application. Molecules. 2024;29:5760.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1604948","volume":"35","author":"M F\u00e1bio","year":"2019","unstructured":"F\u00e1bio M, Rocha G, Sales JA, Gleiciane M, Galdino LM, Aguiar LD, et al. Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin\u202f: a possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms. Biofouling. 2019;35(3):320\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2019.1604948.","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"923_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05174","volume":"6","author":"MA Sgariglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sgariglia MA, Luco D, Labadie GR, Pero EJI, Sampietro DA, Fern J. Heliyon antifungal activity and toxicity studies of fl avanones isolated from Tessaria dodoneifolia aerial parts. Heliyon. 2020;6:e05174.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"923_CR84","first-page":"1","volume":"2100990","author":"C Torres-fuentes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torres-fuentes C, Su\u00e1rez M, Aragon\u00e8s G, Mulero M, \u00c1vila-rom\u00e1n J, Arola-arnal A, et al. Cardioprotective properties of phenolic compounds: a role for biological rhythms. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2022;2100990:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"1564","key":"923_CR85","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"CCL Heca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heca CCL, Karag\u00fcl M\u0130, Yetkin D, Bayrak G, \u00c7elikcan D. P53, Bcl2 and Bax expression and apoptosis in perifosine and vitamin D-treated endometrial. Proceedings. 2018;2(1564):3\u20137.","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"issue":"10","key":"923_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2723","volume":"9","author":"AJ Levine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levine AJ, Oren M. The first 30 years of p53: growing ever more complex. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;9(10):749\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"923_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-21-179","volume":"10","author":"H Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang H, Tang Y, Li P, Ye X, Chen W, Xie H, et al. Significance of TP53 and immune-related genes to prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2021;10(4):1754\u201368.","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"923_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02396-8","author":"HE Marei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marei HE, Althani A, Afifi N, Hasan A, Caceci T, Pozzoli G, et al. P53 signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-021-02396-8.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"422","key":"923_CR89","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"EA Messner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Messner EA, Steele TM, Tsamouri MM, Hejazi N, Gao AC, Mudryj M, et al. The androgen receptor in prostate cancer: effect of structure, ligands and spliced variants on therapy. Biomedicines. 2020;8(422):1\u201319.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"923_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S484068","author":"A Jen\u010da","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jen\u010da A, Mills DK, Ghasemi H, Saberian E, Jen\u010da A, Mohammad A, et al. Herbal therapies for cancer treatment: a review of phytotherapeutic efficacy herbal therapies for cancer treatment: a review of phytotherapeutic efficacy. Biol Targets Ther. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/BTT.S484068.","journal-title":"Biol Targets Ther"},{"issue":"135","key":"923_CR91","first-page":"125","volume":"2023","author":"D Maria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maria D, Bothe A, Das S, Kumar SU, Gnanasambandan R, Doss CGP. Chapter five\u2014CDK regulators\u2014cell cycle progression or apoptosis\u2014scenarios in normal cells and cancerous cells. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2023;2023(135):125\u201377.","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol"},{"issue":"28","key":"923_CR92","first-page":"124","volume":"48","author":"K Jakubczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jakubczyk K, Dec K, Kaldunska J, Kawczuga D, Kochman J, Janda K. Reactive oxygen species\u2014sources, functions, oxidative damage. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2020;48(28):124\u20137.","journal-title":"Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego"},{"key":"923_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59590-9","author":"Z Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Z, Luan X, Lu Q, Qin S, Zeng F, Li Z, et al. Reactive oxygen species responsive nanomotors for gene edited metabolic disruption and immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-59590-9.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"923_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020460","volume":"9","author":"F Fontana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Domizio AD, Limonta P. Natural compounds in prostate cancer prevention and treatment\u202f: mechanisms of action and molecular targets. Cells. 2020;9:460.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"0","key":"923_CR95","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"B Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh B, Carpenter G, Coffey RJ. EGF receptor ligands\u202f: recent advances. F1000Res. 2016;5(0):1\u201311.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"923_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00255E","volume":"5","author":"AB Firdous","year":"2014","unstructured":"Firdous AB, Sharmila G, Balakrishnan S, RajaSingh P, Suganya S, Srinivasan N, et al. Function chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer in an in vivo model by inhibiting the EGFR signaling pathway \u2020. Food Funct. 2014;5:2632\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4FO00255E.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"8","key":"923_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207326666221207152001","volume":"26","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen J, Feng L, Jin W, Chang J, Li J, Li H. Identification of the key active pharmaceutical ingredients of Yishen Qutong Granule, a Chinese medicine formula, in the treatment of primary lung cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2023;26(8):1594\u2013608.","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"key":"923_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1036502","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Dunmall LSC, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Si L. Natural products targeting glycolysis in cancer. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1036502.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR99","first-page":"697","volume":"17","author":"J Fonseca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonseca J, Moradi F, Maddalena LA, Tollstadius BF, Selim S, Stuart JA. Resveratrol integrates metabolic and growth effects in PC3 prostate cancer cells\u2014involvement of prolyl hydroxylase and hypoxia inducible factor - 1. Oncol Letters. 2019;17(1):697\u2013705.","journal-title":"Oncol Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2020.045","volume":"10","author":"Z Hoseinkhani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoseinkhani Z, Norooznezhad F, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Mansouri K. Medicinal plants extracts with antiangiogenic activity\u202f: where is the link\u202f? Adv Pharm Bull. 2020;10(3):370\u20138.","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"923_CR101","first-page":"2441","volume":"18","author":"Q Abdallah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdallah Q, Al Deeb I, Bader A, Hamam F. Anti-angiogenic activity of Middle East medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(2):2441\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"923_CR102","volume-title":"WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. Geneva: WHO; 2019."},{"key":"923_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1475297","author":"S Dubale","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dubale S, Usure RE, Mekasha YT. Traditional herbal medicine legislative and regulatory framework\u202f: a cross-sectional quantitative study and archival review perspectives. Front Pharmacol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1475297.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"923_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001517","volume":"4","author":"O Muganga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muganga O, Kasilo J, Wambebe C, Nikiema JB, Nabyonga-orem J. Towards universal health coverage: advancing the development and use of traditional medicines in Africa. BMJ Glob Heal. 2019;4:e001517.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"923_CR105","volume-title":"African Traditional Medicine Day 2022","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. African Traditional Medicine Day 2022. Geneva: WHO; 2022."},{"key":"923_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-020-00389-x","author":"WK Chebii","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chebii WK, Muthee JK, Kiemo K. The governance of traditional medicine and herbal remedies in the selected local markets of Western Kenya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-020-00389-x.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"923_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","author":"S Thakkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thakkar S, Anklam E, Xu A, Ulberth F, Li J, Li B, et al. Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647.","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"923_CR108","unstructured":"National Drug Authority. Guidelines on Registration of Imported Herbal Medicine Products for Human or Veterinary Use in Uganda. 2023."},{"key":"923_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1392330","author":"RE Usure","year":"2024","unstructured":"Usure RE, Kebebe D, Mekasha YT. Traditional herbal medicine regulatory implementation in Ethiopia: a qualitative study. Front Pharmacol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1392330.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"923_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000895","author":"PB James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James PB, Wardle J, Steel A, Adams J. Traditional , complementary and alternative medicine use in sub-Saharan Africa\u202f: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000895.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"923_CR111","first-page":"70","volume":"2","author":"MO Onyambu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Onyambu MO, Chepkwony HK, Thoithi GN, Godfrey O, Osanjo GO. Microbial quality of unregulated herbal medicinal products in Kenya. Afr J Pharmacol Ther. 2013;2(3):70\u20135.","journal-title":"Afr J Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886308666131126155434","volume":"9","author":"O Awodele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Awodele O, Amagon KI, Wannang NN, Aguiyi JC. Traditional medicine policy and regulation in Nigeria\u202f: an index of herbal medicine safety. Curr Drug Saf. 2014;9(1):16\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Saf"},{"key":"923_CR113","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"S Owoahene-acheampong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Owoahene-acheampong S, Vasconi E. Recognition and Integration of Traditional Medicine in Ghana: A Perspective. Inst Afr Stud Res Rev. 2010;2:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Inst Afr Stud Res Rev"},{"key":"923_CR114","unstructured":"Ikhoyameh M, Okete WE, Ogboye RM. Commentary Integrating traditional medicine into the African healthcare system post-Traditional Medicine Global Summit\u202f: challenges and recommendations. 2024."},{"key":"923_CR115","first-page":"1","volume":"2017","author":"P Agyei-baffour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agyei-baffour P, Kudolo A, Quansah DY, Boateng D. Integrating herbal medicine into mainstream healthcare in Ghana\u202f: clients \u2019 acceptability, perceptions and disclosure of use. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2025;2017:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"923_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-557X(02)80030-7","author":"G Osuide","year":"2002","unstructured":"Osuide G. Regulation of herbal medicines in Nigeria \" the role of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control ( NAFDAC ). Ethnomedicine Drug Discov. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1572-557X(02)80030-7.","journal-title":"Ethnomedicine Drug Discov"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:03:10Z","timestamp":1771524190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-026-00923-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable because no human and animal samples are involved directly in this review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have provided consent for the publication of this review paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}