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Despite its epidemiological importance as a JEV vector, studies on insecticide resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations from the Republic of Korea (ROK) remain extremely limited. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal occurrence of knockdown resistance (\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations from the ROK. Additionally, the association between phenotypic resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleles was examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens were collected from eight locations across the ROK to assess the occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations. Additionally, WHO tube bioassays were conducted using the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin to assess phenotypic resistance and its association with\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation 1014F was detected in all surveyed populations, and the frequency of the 1014F allele remained relatively stable during the peak abundance period of\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      from July to September. Bioassay results further indicated that\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations in the ROK exhibit resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. However, no clear association was detected between the presence of the 1014F mutation and pyrethroid-resistant phenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate the need for further investigations into insecticide resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to support effective vector control and mitigate the risk of JEV transmission. Moreover, the results suggest that pyrethroid resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      may not be driven solely by\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations, indicating the potential involvement of additional resistance mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-026-00927-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:06:48Z","timestamp":1774354008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the Japanese encephalitis virus vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus from the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Jiseung","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunwoo","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Shik","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064701","author":"Y Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong Y, Jiang H, Xu N, Wang Z, Xiong Y, Yin J, et al. 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