{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:50:58Z","timestamp":1785790258075,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T07:54:01Z","timestamp":1785657241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Operationalizing public health emergency operations centers in Somalia: a scoping review of challenges and strategies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Abdullahi Ahmed","family":"Tahlil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelrahman","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uchenna","family":"Anebonam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shambel Habebe","family":"Watare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Sonko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasim Mahdi","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wessam","family":"Mankoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdinasir Yusuf","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Kamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Haji","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1032_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Framework. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241516181. Accessed 21 November 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A strategic framework for emergency preparedness. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/a-strategic-framework-for-emergency-preparedness. Accessed 21 November 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Handbook for Public Health Emergency Operations Center Operations and Management. Brazzaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa; 2021. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/AFRO_PHEOC-Handbook. Accessed 6 September 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/25650","volume-title":"Evidence-based practice for public health emergency preparedness and response","author":"N Calonge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calonge N, Brown L, Downey AS. Evidence-based practice for public health emergency preparedness and response. Washington (DC): national Academies Press (US); 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25650."},{"issue":"5","key":"1032_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2022.0048","volume":"20","author":"J Kayiwa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kayiwa J, Homsy J, Nelson LJ, Ocom F, Kasule JN, Wetaka MM, et al. Establishing a Public Health Emergency Operations Center in an outbreak-prone country: lessons learned in Uganda, January 2014 to December 2021. Health Secur. 2014;20(5):394\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hs.2022.0048.","journal-title":"Health Secur"},{"key":"1032_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2023.50","volume":"17","author":"T Allen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allen T, Spencer R. Barriers and enablers to using an emergency operations center in public health emergency management: a scoping review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2023;17:e445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2023.50.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02486-3","volume":"24","author":"Z Nikoloski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nikoloski Z, Mohamoud MM, Mossialos E. Universal health coverage in fragile and conflict-affected states: insights from Somalia. Int J Equity Health. 2025;24(1):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02486-3.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"1032_CR8","unstructured":"Directorate of National Statistics, Federal Government of Somalia. The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020. Mogadishu: federal Government of Somalia; 2020. https:\/\/somalia.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/FINAL%20SHDS%20Report%202020_V7_0.pdf. Accessed 30 September 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00836-z","volume":"53","author":"SA Hussein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussein SA, Osman MM, Hassan YSA, Hussein AA, Adem R, Ali AN, et al. Strengthening Somalia\u2019s health system: pathways to achieving International Health Regulations core capacities at points of entry by 2025. Trop Med Health. 2025;53(1):159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-025-00836-z.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"1032_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Joint External Evaluation of IHR core capacities of the Republic of Somalia. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2016. https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/sph\/sites\/default\/files\/document-library\/document\/JEE%20Report%20Somalia%202016.pdf. Accessed 15 February 2026."},{"key":"1032_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1215929","volume":"11","author":"S Topluoglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Topluoglu S, Taylan-Ozkan A, Alp E. Impact of wars and natural disasters on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1215929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1215929.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1032_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Systematic reviews for public health emergency operations centres: plans and procedures; communication technology and infrastructure; minimum datasets and standards; training and exercises. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2015. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/197379. Accessed 6 October 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100634","volume":"17","author":"AY Osman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osman AY, Mohamed H, Mumin FI, Mahrous H, Saidouni A, Elmi SA, et al. Prioritization of zoonoses for multisectoral, One Health collaboration in Somalia, 2023. One Health. 2023;17:100634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100634.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1032_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1032_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-1538629","volume":"37","author":"PD Jacobson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobson PD, Wasserman J, Botoseneanu A, Silverstein A, Wu HW. The role of law in public health preparedness: opportunities and challenges. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2012;37(2):297\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-1538629.","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"1032_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2020057","volume":"7","author":"TJ Olumade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olumade TJ, Adesanya OA, Fred-Akintunwa IJ, Babalola DO, Oguzie JU, Ogunsanya OA, et al. Infectious disease outbreak preparedness and response in Nigeria: history, limitations and recommendations for global health policy and practice. AIMS Public Health. 2020;7(4):736\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/publichealth.2020057.","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"1032_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1205327","volume":"12","author":"AS Said","year":"2024","unstructured":"Said AS, Kicha DI. Implementing health system and the new federalism in Somalia: challenges and opportunities. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1205327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1205327.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1032_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008573","volume":"7","author":"OM Elmahal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elmahal OM, Abdullah A, Elzalabany MK, Anan HH, Samhouri D, Brennan RJ. Public health emergency operation centres: status, gaps and areas for improvement in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(6):e008573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008573.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"1032_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2023.1604899","volume":"44","author":"M Hardhantyo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hardhantyo M, Djasri H, Nursetyo AA, Donna B, Ariani M, Pangaribuan H, et al. Evidence-based policy recommendations for public health emergency operation centers in regional settings: a case study in Indonesia. Public Health Rev. 2023;44:1604899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/phrs.2023.1604899.","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1032_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068934","volume":"13","author":"ST Fekadu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fekadu ST, Gebrewahid AL, Mankoula W, Eteng W, Lokossou V, Kawe Y, et al. Public health emergency operations centres in Africa: a cross-sectional study assessing the implementation status of core components and areas for improvement, December 2021. BMJ Open. 2021;13(6):e068934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068934.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1032_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1542261","volume":"13","author":"B Oyugi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oyugi B, Martinez-Monterrey LG, Ayalew L, Okeibunor JC, Mbasha JJ, Kamara R, et al. The regional training centre for the emergency medical teams initiative in the WHO African region: a review of the development and progress over the past 4 years. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1542261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1542261.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1032_CR22","unstructured":"Amnesty International. Somalia: health Financing Challenges Report. London: amnesty International; 2024. https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2024\/07\/reduction-of-somalia-health-budget-a-betrayal. Accessed 6 October 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Federal Government of Somalia. Investment Case for the Somali Health Sector 2022-2027. Mogadishu: Ministry of Health; 2022. https:\/\/www.globalfinancingfacility.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Somalia-GFF-Investment-Case.pdf. Accessed 6 October 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"1032_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czae110","volume":"40","author":"F Federspiel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Federspiel F, Borghi J, Mbaye EM, Jensen HT, Martinez Alvarez M. Development partner influence on domestic health financing contributions in Senegal: a mixed-methods case study. Health Policy Plan. 2025;40(3):300\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czae110.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"1032_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04233","volume":"15","author":"DO Afriyie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Afriyie DO, Muhongerwa DK, Nabyonga-Orem J, Chukwujekwu O. Countdown to 2030: overview of current and planned health financing reforms for universal health coverage in the WHO African Region. J Glob Health. 2025;15:04233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04233.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"1032_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-018-0174-5","author":"WN Naser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naser WN, Saleem HB. Emergency and disaster management training; knowledge and attitude of Yemeni health professionals- a cross-sectional study. BMC Emerg Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-018-0174-5.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1032_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121563","volume":"14","author":"J Madrigano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madrigano J, Chandra A, Costigan T, Acosta JD. Beyond disaster preparedness: building a resilience-oriented workforce for the future. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14121563.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1032_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-33","author":"D Ojakaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ojakaa D, Olango S, Jarvis J. Factors affecting motivation and retention of primary health care workers in three disparate regions in Kenya. Hum Resour Health. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1478-4491-12-33.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"1032_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1438334","volume":"12","author":"A Ashenafi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashenafi A, Sule O, Peter T, Mashate S, Otieno O, Kebede A, et al. Diagnostics for detection and surveillance of priority epidemic-prone diseases in Africa: an assessment of testing capacity and laboratory strengthening needs. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1438334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1438334.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00350-9","volume":"15","author":"S Figuereo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Figuereo S, Mohamed SI, Takele D, Sheikh AM, Abera SC, Mohamed AM, et al. Laboratory capacity-building during COVID-19 in Somalia: improving access to essential diagnostics for national health security in a fragile setting. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2025;15(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00350-9.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"1032_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-021-00052-9","author":"IR Mremi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mremi IR, George J, Rumisha SF, Sindato C, Kimera SI, Mboera LEG. Twenty years of integrated disease surveillance and response in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities for effective management of infectious disease epidemics. One Health Outlook. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42522-021-00052-9.","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"key":"1032_CR32","unstructured":"Fidler D, Kamoie B, Pestronk RM, Baldridge P, Devlin L. Assessing Laws and Legal Authorities for Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness. [Internet]. Bloomington: Indiana University Maurer School of Law; 2007. https:\/\/www.repository.law.indiana.edu\/facpub\/295. Accessed 6 October 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"1032_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPSIR2019.1157","volume":"13","author":"OM Surajudeen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surajudeen OM, Olushola BO, Abiodun SF. Conflicts and insurgency: barriers to global quality health service for internally displaced persons in the North Eastern Part of Nigeria. Afr J Pol Sci Int Relat. 2019;13(3):40\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJPSIR2019.1157.","journal-title":"Afr J Pol Sci Int Relat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3233\/FC-221510","volume":"1","author":"SY Amare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amare SY, Taye GT, Gebreslassie TG, Plug R, van Reisen M. Realizing health data interoperability in low connectivity settings: the case of VODAN-Africa. FAIR Connect. 2023;1(1):55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/FC-221510.","journal-title":"FAIR Connect"},{"issue":"8","key":"1032_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003936","volume":"5","author":"MF Jalloh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jalloh MF, Sengeh P, James N, Bah S, Jalloh MB, Owen K, et al. Integrated digital system for community engagement and community-based surveillance during the 2014\u20132016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: lessons for future health emergencies. BMJ Glob Health. 2014;5(8):e003936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003936.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"1032_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105439","volume":"186","author":"SD Sasie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sasie SD, Van Zuylen P, Ayano G, Aragaw FM, Spigt M. Information sharing across institutions: practices and barriers during public health emergencies in Ethiopia. Int J Med Inform. 2024;186:105439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105439.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.12.013","volume":"63","author":"AG Buseh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buseh AG, Stevens PE, Bromberg M, Kelber ST. The Ebola epidemic in West Africa: challenges, opportunities, and policy priority areas. Nurs Outlook. 2015;63(1):30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.12.013.","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"1032_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Strengthening health emergency prevention, preparedness, response and resilience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/emergency-preparedness\/who_hepr_wha2023-21051248b.pdf. Accessed 6 October 2025."},{"key":"1032_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nyarko OO, Owusu Konadu S, Opoku G, Kumah Y, Ankobea-Kokroe F. Building a resilient health system in Ghana-Lessons from COVID-19 and beyond. Afr J Curr Med Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31191\/afrijcmr.v7i1.115.","DOI":"10.31191\/afrijcmr.v7i1.115"},{"issue":"7","key":"1032_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305234","volume":"19","author":"B Bogale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bogale B, Scambler S, Mohd Khairuddin AN, Gallagher JE. Health system strengthening in fragile and conflict-affected states: a review of systematic reviews. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(7):e0305234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305234.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9980","key":"1032_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60858-3","volume":"385","author":"DL Heymann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heymann DL, Chen L, Takemi K, Fidler DP, Tappero JW, Thomas MJ, et al. Global health security: the wider lessons from the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1884\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60858-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1032_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41018-021-00111-w","volume":"7","author":"R Mena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mena R, Hilhorst D. Path dependency when prioritising disaster and humanitarian response under high levels of conflict: a qualitative case study in South Sudan. J Int Humanit Action. 2022;7(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41018-021-00111-w.","journal-title":"J Int Humanit Action"},{"issue":"8","key":"1032_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012369","volume":"8","author":"FQ Shannon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shannon FQ, Bawo LL, Crump JA, Sharples K, Egan R, Hill PC. Evaluation of Ebola virus disease surveillance system capability to promptly detect a new outbreak in Liberia. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(8):e012369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012369.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:03:57Z","timestamp":1785787437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01032-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study is a comprehensive literature review and analysis based on publicly available data, official reports, and peer-reviewed publications. As such, it does not involve direct research involving human participants, animals, or identifiable personal data. No ethical approval or consent to participate was required for this research. All referenced sources were accessed in accordance with applicable copyright and licensing regulations, and proper acknowledgment has been provided.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"134"}}