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All adults and parents\/guardians of patients gave informed consent before study entry and children aged 12\u201317\u00a0years also signed an assent form. The patient information sheet (PIS) was in Pashto, the local language, and a member of the research team gave an initial verbal explanation. The PIS detailed the nature of the study, follow-up schedule, the side effects of SSG and MF, the risks of taking blood, and the total blood volume (47\u00a0mL). We emphasised the voluntary nature of the study. Potential participants\/guardians were allowed as much time as they needed before making their decision. 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