{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T07:56:06Z","timestamp":1790582166193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Med Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T07:13:30Z","timestamp":1790579610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents toward antibiotic use in children attending public hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sowda Abdikarim","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suad Abdikarim","family":"Isse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5933-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Abdirahim","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5110-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigad Abdisad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Kutta","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8997-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mucahit","family":"T\u00fcrkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bisharo Omar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qasim Shirar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2899-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fartun Mohamed","family":"Hilowle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabir Abdullahi","family":"Wehlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4000-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma Abdikarim","family":"Isse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1087_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0883","volume":"136","author":"LE Vaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vaz LE, Kleinman KP, Lakoma MD, Dutta-Linn MM, Nahill C, Hellinger J, et al. Prevalence of parental misconceptions about antibiotic use. Pediatrics. 2015;136:221\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-0883.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1087_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.1086\/321844","volume":"33","author":"JC Pech\u00e8re","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pech\u00e8re JC. Patients\u2019 interviews and misuse of antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(Suppl 3):S170\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/321844.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1087_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.09.002","volume":"90","author":"L Reynolds","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reynolds L, McKee M. Factors influencing antibiotic prescribing in China: an exploratory analysis. Health Policy. 2009;90:32\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.09.002.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"1087_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01063-5","volume":"11","author":"N Mallah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mallah N, Orsini N, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Education level and misuse of antibiotics in the general population: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-022-01063-5.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"1087_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18490-1","volume":"24","author":"MM Bezie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bezie MM, Asmare ZA, Asebe HA, Lombebo AA, Fentie BM, Asnake AA, et al. Factors associated with the use of antibiotics for children presenting with illnesses with fever and cough obtained from prescription and non-prescription sources: a cross-sectional study of data for 37 sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18490-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1087_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111583","volume":"11","author":"F Bert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bert F, Previti C, Calabrese F, Scaioli G, Siliquini R. Antibiotics self medication among children: a systematic review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:1583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11111583.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"1087_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. 16 Jul 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance. Accessed 2 Sep 2026."},{"key":"1087_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0479-5","volume":"64","author":"J De Jong","year":"1999","unstructured":"De Jong J, Van Den Berg PB, De Vries TW, De Jong-Van Den Berg LTW. Antibiotic drug use of children in the Netherlands from 1999 till 2005. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;64:913\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0479-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1087_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-96","volume":"12","author":"GC Lee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lee GC, Reveles KR, Attridge RT, Lawson KA, Mansi IA, Lewis JS, et al. Outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the United States: 2000 to 2010. BMC Med. 2000;12:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-96.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1087_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-92","volume":"12","author":"OJ Dyar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dyar OJ, Hoa NQ, Trung NV, Phuc HD, Larsson M, Chuc NTK, et al. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli among children in rural Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-12-92.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1087_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(24)00048-8","volume":"8","author":"A Bamford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bamford A, Masini T, Williams P, Sharland M, Gigante V, Dixit D, et al. Tackling the threat of antimicrobial resistance in neonates and children: outcomes from the first WHO-convened paediatric drug optimisation exercise for antibiotics. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024;8:456\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-4642(24)00048-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1087_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy066","volume":"8","author":"MC Lovegrove","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lovegrove MC, Geller AI, Fleming-Dutra KE, Shehab N, Sapiano MRP, Budnitz DS. US emergency department visits for adverse drug events from antibiotics in children, 2011\u20132015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2011;8:384\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piy066.","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"1087_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.015","volume":"105","author":"NQ Hoa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoa NQ, Chuc NTK, Phuc HD, Larsson M, Eriksson B, Lundborg CS. Unnecessary antibiotic use for mild acute respiratory infections during 28-day follow-up of 823 children under five in rural Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105:628\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.015.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1087_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199312000-00004","volume":"12","author":"YH Yang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yang YH, Fu SG, Peng H, Shen AD, Yue SJ, Go YF, et al. Abuse of antibiotics in China and its potential interference in determining the etiology of pediatric bacterial diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12:986\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006454-199312000-00004.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1087_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08895-6","volume":"12","author":"RF Mutagonda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mutagonda RF, Marealle AI, Nkinda L, Kibwana U, Maganda BA, Njiro BJ, et al. Determinants of misuse of antibiotics among parents of children attending clinics in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania. Sci Rep. 2022;12:4836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08895-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1087_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.35.142.17848","volume":"35","author":"T Zeru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeru T, Berihu H, Buruh G, Gebrehiwot H, Zeru M. Parental knowledge and practice on antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in children, in Aksum town health institutions, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35:142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2020.35.142.17848.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"1087_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0494-5","volume":"15","author":"SH Zyoud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zyoud SH, Taha AA, Araj KF, Abahri IA, Sawalha AF, Sweileh WM, et al. Parental knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory tract infections in children: a cross-sectional study in Palestine. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-015-0494-5.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"1087_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nshimiyimana M, Habtu M, Manishimwe F, Ndayisenga J, Murekatete A 2022 Parental Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Antibiotics use for Childhood Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Kicukiro District, Rwanda. Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Public Health. 5 109\u2013130 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53819\/81018102t5062.","DOI":"10.53819\/81018102t5062"},{"key":"1087_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01650-2","volume":"14","author":"RA Yousif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yousif RA, Ali AK, Hassan EA, Mohammed TN, Aldirdiri MAS, Malik EM. Parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward antibiotic use for childhood upper respiratory tract infections in Khartoum, Sudan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2025;14:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-025-01650-2.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"1087_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manuale antibiotici AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve). Italian edition of The WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Book, January 2023. Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, translator. Rome: Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco; 2023. https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/documents\/20142\/1811463\/Manuale_antibiotici_AWaRe.pdf. Accessed 14 Sep 2026."},{"key":"1087_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0130sse SA, Do\u011fan A, \u00c7elik AK, Ali TA, Wehlie JA, Sheikh SA, et al. Assessing Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards Antibiotic Use in Children: A Study in a teaching and training Tertiary Care Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Research Square [preprint]. 17 Jan 2025; version 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5795463\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5795463\/v1"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T07:13:32Z","timestamp":1790579612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-026-01087-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1349-4147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-4147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"215"}}