{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:10:37Z","timestamp":1780395037551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["3D Print Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:46:06Z","timestamp":1778586366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Additively manufactured reinforced polymeric stents for peripheral artery disease: design, manufacture and performance evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aniol","family":"Bosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ciurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith SC, et al. Our time: a call to save preventable death from cardiovascular disease (Heart disease and stroke). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Dec;60:2343\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.962.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.962"},{"key":"328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eid MA, et al. The global burden of peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2023 Apr;77(4):1119\u201326.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.12.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.12.015"},{"key":"328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gray WA, et al. Polymer-based drug-eluting stent treatment extends the time to reintervention for patients with symptomatic femoropopliteal artery disease: clinical evidence and potential economic value. J Comp Eff Res. 2024 Jun;13(6):e240025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57264\/cer-2024-0025.","DOI":"10.57264\/cer-2024-0025"},{"key":"328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Criqui MH, et al. Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: contemporary epidemiology, management gaps, and future directions. Circulation. 2021 Aug;144(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005"},{"key":"328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohn CG, Alberts MJ, Peacock WF, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Cost and inpatient burden of peripheral artery disease: findings from the national inpatient sample. Atherosclerosis. 2019 Jul;286:142-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.026.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.026"},{"key":"328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bosiers M, et al. One-year outcomes of the paclitaxel-eluting, self-expanding Stentys stent system in the treatment of infrapopliteal lesions in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Endovasc Ther. 2017 Jun;24(3):311-316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1526602817697319.","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602817697319"},{"key":"328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu W, Jiang J. Hypersensitivity and in-stent restenosis in coronary stent materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Sep;10:1003322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1003322.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1003322"},{"key":"328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeRubertis BG, et al. Drug-eluting resorbable scaffold versus balloon angioplasty for below-the-knee peripheral artery disease: 2-year results from the LIFE-BTK trial. Circulation. 2025 Oct;152(15):1076-1086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.075080.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.075080"},{"key":"328_CR9","unstructured":"Brodmann M. Bioresorbable scaffolds: do recent study results support revival for use in the BTK arteries?."},{"key":"328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahn J, et al. Stenting versus balloon angioplasty alone in patients with below-the-knee disease: a propensity score-matched analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021 Jun;16(6):e0251755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251755.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251755"},{"key":"328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tigkiropoulos K, et al. Polymer free amphilimus drug eluting stent for infrapopliteal arterial disease in patients with critical limb ischemia: a new device in the armamentarium. Medicina (Mex). 2022 Dec;59(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59010039.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010039"},{"key":"328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poulson W, Kamenskiy A, Seas A, Deegan P, Lomneth C, MacTaggart J. Limb flexion-induced axial compression and bending in human femoropopliteal artery segments. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Feb;67(2):607\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.01.071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.01.071"},{"key":"328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ware HOT, et al. High-speed on-demand 3D printed bioresorbable vascular scaffolds. Mater Today Chem. 2018 Mar;7:25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtchem.2017.10.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2017.10.002"},{"key":"328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Oliveira MF, Da Silva LCE, De Oliveira MG. 3D printed bioresorbable nitric oxide-releasing vascular stents. Bioprinting. 2021 Jun;22:e00137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bprint.2021.e00137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2021.e00137"},{"key":"328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding Y, Fu R, Collins CP, Yoda S, Sun C, Ameer GA. 3D-printed radiopaque bioresorbable stents to improve device visualization. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022 Dec;11(23):2201955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202201955.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201955"},{"key":"328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding Y, et al. 3D-printed, citrate-based bioresorbable vascular scaffolds for coronary artery angioplasty. Bioact Mater. 2024 Aug;38:195\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.030"},{"key":"328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi J-W, MacDonald E, Wicker R. Multi-material microstereolithography. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2010 Jul;49:5\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-009-2434-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-009-2434-8"},{"key":"328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee BJ, Hsiao K, Lipkowitz G, Samuelsen T, Tate L, DeSimone JM. Characterization of a 30 \u00b5m pixel size CLIP-based 3D printer and its enhancement through dynamic printing optimization. Addit Manuf. 2022 Jul;55:102800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2022.102800.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2022.102800"},{"key":"328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arifin N, Sudin I, Ngadiman NHA, Ishak MSA. A comprehensive review of biopolymer fabrication in additive manufacturing processing for 3D-tissue-engineering scaffolds. Polymers. 2022 May;14(10):2119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14102119.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102119"},{"key":"328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang W, Zhao W, Zhou T, Wang L, Qiu T. A review on manufacturing and post-processing technology of vascular stents. Micromachines. 2022;13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13010140.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13010140"},{"key":"328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lipkowitz G, et al. Growing three-dimensional objects with light. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jul;121(28):e2303648121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2303648121.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303648121"},{"key":"328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chartrain NA, Williams CB, Whittington AR. A review on fabricating tissue scaffolds using vat photopolymerization. Acta Biomater. 2018 Jul;74:90\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.05.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.05.010"},{"key":"328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guttridge C, Shannon A, O\u2019Sullivan A, O\u2019Sullivan KJ, O\u2019Sullivan LW. Biocompatible 3D printing resins for medical applications: a review of marketed intended use, biocompatibility certification, and post-processing guidance. Ann 3D Print Med. 2022 Mar;5:100044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100044.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100044"},{"key":"328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, et al. The recent development of vat photopolymerization: a review. Addit Manuf. 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102423"},{"key":"328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Rashid A, Ahmed W, Khalid MY, Ko\u00e7 M. Vat photopolymerization of polymers and polymer composites: Processes and applications. Addit Manuf. 2021 Nov;47:102279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102279"},{"key":"328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marin E, et al. UV-curing and thermal ageing of methacrylated stereo-lithographic resin. Polym Degrad Stab. 2021 Mar;185:109503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109503.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109503"},{"key":"328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. Additive manufacturing of vascular stents. Acta Biomater. 2023 Sep;167:16\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.06.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.06.014"},{"key":"328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad N, Azli AA, Saleh MS, Salimi MNA, Ghazli MF, Rahim SZA. A review on additive manufacturing in bioresorbable stent manufacture. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials Engineering & Technology (ICAMET 2020); 2021; Langkawi, Malaysia. p. 020040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0051941.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0051941"},{"key":"328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polanec B, Kramberger J, Glodez S. A review of production technologies and materials for manufacturing of cardiovascular stents. Adv Prod Eng Manag. 2020 Dec;15(4):390-402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14743\/apem2020.4.373.","DOI":"10.14743\/apem2020.4.373"},{"key":"328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bosch A, et al. Analysis of printing and post-curing parameters to enhance physicochemical and biomechanical properties of polymeric stents produced by tubular vat photopolymerization. Prog Addit Manuf. 2025 Jan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40964-025-00948-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-025-00948-2"},{"key":"328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pituru SM, et al. A review on the biocompatibility of PMMA-based dental materials for interim prosthetic restorations with a glimpse into their modern manufacturing techniques. Materials. 2020 Jun;13(13):2894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13132894.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13132894"},{"key":"328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scarano A, Orsini T, Di Carlo F, Valbonetti L, Lorusso F. Graphene-doped poly (Methyl-Methacrylate) (Pmma) implants: a micro-CT and histomorphometrical study in rabbits. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb;22(3):1441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22031441.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031441"},{"key":"328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Punia U, Garg RK. Reinforcing dental restoration material PMMA with SS 316L nanoparticles for mechanical performance analysis. Prog Addit Manuf. 2024 Sep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40964-024-00800-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00800-z"},{"key":"328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bosch A, Casanova-Batlle E, Constantin I, Rubio C, Ciurana J, Guerra AJ. An innovative stereolithography 3D tubular method for ultrathin polymeric stent manufacture: the effect of process parameters. Polymers. 2023 Nov;15(21):4298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15214298.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15214298"},{"key":"328_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cabrera MS, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT. Understanding the requirements of self-expandable stents for heart valve replacement: Radial force, hoop force and equilibrium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017 Apr;68:252\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.02.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.02.006"},{"key":"328_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cardiovascular implants \u2014 Endovascular devices \u2014 Part 2: Vascular stents. In: ANSI\/AAMI\/ISO 25539-2:2012: Cardiovascular implants \u2014 Endovascular devices \u2014 Part 2: Vascular stents. Arlington (VA): AAMI; 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2345\/9781570204807.ch1.","DOI":"10.2345\/9781570204807.ch1"},{"key":"328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moraes LGP, Rocha RSF, Menegazzo LM, Ara\u00fajo EBD, Yukimito K, Moraes JCS. Infrared spectroscopy: a tool for determination of the degree of conversion in dental composites. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008 Apr;16(2):145-149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-77572008000200012.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572008000200012"},{"key":"328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.042","volume":"125","author":"A Bosch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bosch A, et al. Ultrathin polymeric platform for drug-eluting stent: a proof of concept. Procedia CIRP. 2024;125:243\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.042.","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"328_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daoset N, Inglam S, Wanchat S, Chantarapanich N. Effects of post-processing curing parameters and gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of medical graded vat photopolymerization parts. Rapid Prototyp J. 2024 Feb;30(3):475-489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/RPJ-07-2023-0226.","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-07-2023-0226"},{"key":"328_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khatami M, Doniavi A, Abazari AM, Fotouhi M. Enhancing flexibility and strength-to-weight ratio of polymeric stents: a new variable-thickness design approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2024 Feb;150:106262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106262"}],"container-title":["3D Printing in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:21:31Z","timestamp":1780392091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41205-026-00328-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2365-6271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2365-6271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Antonio J. Guerra has patent #PCT\/EP2021\/080095 pending to Eurecat. Other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}