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Participation was voluntary, and all students provided informed consent to participate. All data were collected and anonymized through pre- and post-course multiple-choice questionnaires, and no personal identifying information or health data were processed. The three-dimensional models used for teaching were derived from previously acquired computed tomography scans of patients but were converted into fully anonymized, nonidentifiable plastic replicas; no personal or health data were retained or processed as part of the study. According to the institutional Data Protection Officer, this study does not involve personal health data as defined by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It was therefore registered as an internal educational study at the University Hospital of Nice (reference: 2025-EXT-775). 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