{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:10:12Z","timestamp":1758121812308,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011692","name":"General Insurance Association of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007467","name":"School of Medicine, Keio University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007467","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflamm Regener"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020, various research reports and case reports have been published. It has been found that COVID-19 causes not only respiratory disorders but also thrombosis and gastrointestinal disorders, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. Compared to other disorders, there are low number of research reports and low number of summaries on COVID-19-related neural disorders. Therefore, focusing on neural disorders, we outline both basic research and clinical manifestations of COVID-19-related neural disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T09:03:38Z","timestamp":1620378218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neurological pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): from virological features to clinical symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Okano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"165_CR1","unstructured":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Geneva: World Health Organization (https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019)"},{"key":"165_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00120-z","volume":"40","author":"H Okano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okano H, Seino KI. Steps towards COVID-19 suppression. Inflamm Regen. 2020;40:4\u20135.","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"165_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3","volume":"65","author":"PS Masters","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006;65:193\u2013292.","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"165_CR4","first-page":"0","volume":"40","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakagawa S, Miyazawa T. Genome evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its virological characteristics. Inflamm Regen. 2020;40:0\u20136.","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"issue":"4","key":"165_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90124-4","volume":"57","author":"I Brierley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brierley I, Digard P, Inglis SC. Characterization of an efficient coronavirus ribosomal frameshifting signal: requirement for an RNA pseudoknot. Cell. 1989;57(4):537\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90124-4.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"165_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-6-1473","volume":"81","author":"JA Cowley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cowley JA, Dimmock CM, Spann KM, Walker PJ. Gill-associated virus of Penaeus monodon prawns: an invertebrate virus with ORF1a and ORF1b genes related to arteri- and coronaviruses. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(6):1473\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/0022-1317-81-6-1473.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"7798","key":"165_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7798","key":"165_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"165_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-121-30734","volume":"121","author":"D Hamre","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hamre D, Procknow JJ. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966;121(1):190\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/00379727-121-30734 PMID: 4285768.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"165_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1024","volume":"10","author":"L Van Der Hoek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van Der Hoek L, et al. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med. 2004;10(4):368\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1024.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"165_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005","volume":"79","author":"PCY Woo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chu CM, Chan KH, Tsoi HW, Huang Y, et al. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J Virol. 2005;79(2):884\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"165_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.6.2268","volume":"58","author":"K McIntosh","year":"1967","unstructured":"McIntosh K, Becker WB, Chanock RM. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of \u2018IBV-like\u2019 viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967;58(6):2268\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.58.6.2268.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"19","key":"165_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","volume":"367","author":"AM Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1814\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"165_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030747","volume":"348","author":"C Drosten","year":"2003","unstructured":"Drosten C, G\u00fcnther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1967\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa030747.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"165_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ. Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol. 2000;74(19):8913\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6377","key":"165_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0","volume":"357","author":"CL Yeager","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature. 1992;357(6377):420\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/357420a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"165_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809667116","volume":"116","author":"RJG Hulswit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hulswit RJG, Lang Y, Bakkers MJG, Li W, Li Z, Schouten A, et al. Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(7):2681\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1809667116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"165_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e73","volume":"113","author":"EA Yeh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yeh EA, Collins A, Cohen ME, Duffner PK, Faden H. Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 Pt 1):e73\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.113.1.e73 PMID: 14702500.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"165_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00323-4","volume":"315","author":"H Jacomy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jacomy H, Talbot PJ. Vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus OC43. Virology. 2003;315(1):20\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00323-4.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"165_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3338-3350.1999","volume":"73","author":"N Arbour","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arbour N, C\u00f4t\u00e9 G\u0300, Lachance C, Tardieu M, Cashman NR, Talbot PJ. Acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus OC43. J Virol. 1999;73(4):3338\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3338-3350.1999.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"165_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","volume":"92","author":"M Dub\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9 M, et al. Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol. 2018;92:1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"165_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/mers-cov\/en\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"165_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70090-3","volume":"15","author":"MA M\u00fcller","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00fcller MA, Meyer B, Corman VM, al-Masri M, Turkestani A, Ritz D, et al. Presence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide, cross-sectional, serological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):559\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70090-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7440","key":"165_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","volume":"495","author":"VS Raj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DHW, M\u00fcller MA, Dijkman R, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 2013;495(7440):251\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12005.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"165_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.09.003","volume":"29","author":"M Saad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saad M, Omrani AS, Baig K, Bahloul A, Elzein F, Matin MA, et al. Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:301\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.09.003.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"165_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y","volume":"43","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, Bouchama A, Johani S, Hajeer AH, et al. Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection. 2015;43(4):495\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"11","key":"165_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1669","volume":"61","author":"LK Tsai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chao CC, Chen YC, Lin YH, Chang SC, et al. Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(11):1669\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1669.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"165_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","volume":"82","author":"J Netland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol. 2008;82(15):7264\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00737-08.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"165_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271\u2013280.e8.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"165_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0468-7","volume":"27","author":"AG Wrobel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wrobel AG, Benton DJ, Xu P, Roustan C, Martin SR, Rosenthal PB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020;27(8):763\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41594-020-0468-7.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"165_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"165_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song E, Zhang C, Israelow B, Lu-Culligan A, Prado AV, Skriabine S, et al. Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain. J Exp Med. 2021;218(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20202135.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202135"},{"issue":"1","key":"165_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00143-6","volume":"40","author":"Y Kase","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kase Y, Okano H. Expression of ACE2 and a viral virulence-regulating factor CCN family member 1 in human iPSC-derived neural cells: implications for COVID-19-related CNS disorders. Inflamm Regen. 2020;40(1):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41232-020-00143-6.","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"165_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.015","volume":"27","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, et al. A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27:125\u2013136.e7.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"165_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106230","volume":"39","author":"A Ramani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramani A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 targets neurons of 3D human brain organoids. EMBO J. 2020;39:1\u201314.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"165_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091004","volume":"12","author":"SA Yi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi SA, et al. Infection of brain organoids and 2D cortical neurons with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Viruses. 2020;12:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"165_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.02.005","volume":"16","author":"SK Tiwari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiwari SK, Wang S, Smith D, Carlin A, Rana TM. Revealing tissue-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection and host responses using human stem cell derived lung and cerebral organoids. Stem Cell Rep. 2021;16:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"165_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.013","volume":"83","author":"J van de Leemput","year":"2014","unstructured":"van de Leemput J, Boles NC, Kiehl TR, Corneo B, Lederman P, Menon V, et al. CORTECON: a temporal transcriptome analysis of in vitro human cerebral cortex development from human embryonic stem cells. Neuron. 2014;83(1):51\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.013.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"165_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","volume":"296","author":"N Poyiadji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B. COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E119\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020201187.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"165_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, et al. A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"165_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.001","volume":"27","author":"L Pellegrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pellegrini L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27:951\u2013961.e5.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"7772","key":"165_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1506-7","volume":"573","author":"RD Hodge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hodge RD, Bakken TE, Miller JA, Smith KA, Barkan ER, Graybuck LT, et al. Conserved cell types with divergent features in human versus mouse cortex. Nature. 2019;573(7772):61\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1506-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"165_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00771-8","volume":"24","author":"EM Rhea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, Williams LM, Reed MJ, Baumann KK, et al. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2020;24(3):368\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-020-00771-8.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"165_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014647","volume":"70","author":"MA Erickson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erickson MA, Banks WA. Neuroimmune axes of the blood-brain barriers and blood-brain interfaces: bases for physiological regulation, disease states, and pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70(2):278\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.117.014647.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"165_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","volume":"24","author":"J Meinhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C, Franz J, Thomas C, Mothes R, et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(2):168\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"165_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","volume":"92","author":"YC Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):552\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25728.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"165_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.11.005","volume":"27","author":"E Meppiel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meppiel E, et al. Neurologic manifestations associated with COVID-19: a multicenter registry. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;27:458\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"165_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683\u201390.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"issue":"23","key":"165_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","volume":"382","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, et al. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2008597.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"165_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937","volume":"95","author":"CM Romero-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez CM, D\u00edaz-Maroto I, Fern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz E, S\u00e1nchez-Larsen \u00c1, Layos-Romero A, Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda J, et al. Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry. Neurology. 2020;95(8):e1060\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"165_CR51","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention (https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/post-covid-conditions.html)"},{"issue":"8","key":"165_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, de Siati DR, Horoi M, le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"165_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E932","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29132","volume":"131","author":"T Sato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sato T, Ueha R, Goto T, Yamauchi A, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins in the upper and lower aerodigestive tracts of rats: implications on COVID 19 infections. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):E932\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.29132.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."}],"container-title":["Inflammation and Regeneration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T09:03:50Z","timestamp":1620378230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/inflammregen.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41232-021-00165-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1880-8190"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1880-8190"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"HO is a compensated scientific consultant for San Bio Co., Ltd., RMiC and K Pharma, Inc. YK declares no potential conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}