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Research"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Space\u2013time interference has been frequently reported in perceptual paradigms, but it is unclear to what extent these effects generalize to action-related tasks. We therefore investigated whether space\u2013time interference extends to the execution of goal-directed reaching movements towards 3D objects presented in immersive virtual reality. Forty participants performed both perceptual and motor judgments with respect to the spatial and temporal occurrence of sequentially from left to right presented 3D spheres, with spatial and temporal interstimulus intervals systematically varied. Consistent with previous findings in 2D paradigms, we observed bidirectional interference in a goal-directed pointing task: larger spatial intervals delayed temporal predictions (positive space-on-time effect), whereas longer temporal intervals shifted spatial predictions leftward (negative time-on-space effect). Perceptual judgments showed a significant positive time-on-space effect, but no space-on-time effect. Interference effects in perceptual and pointing tasks were not correlated. Our findings demonstrate that space\u2013time interference extends to more complex motor behavior, highlighting its relevance for everyday actions such as reaching, catching, and navigating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-026-00745-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:51:19Z","timestamp":1784645479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Space\u2013time interference in action"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8926-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Jagorska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Riemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"745_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(95)00133-3","volume":"5","author":"S Aglioti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aglioti, S., DeSouza, J. 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