{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:51:42Z","timestamp":1791157902686,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pneumonia"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:02:30Z","timestamp":1791154950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in all-cause pneumonia and influenza hospitalization incidence by coding position \u2013 a study of US healthcare claims, 2014\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kelsie","family":"Cassell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salini","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Cossrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"oeab001","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab001","volume":"1","author":"HM Salah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salah HM, Minhas AMK, Khan MS, Pandey A, Michos ED, Mentz RJ, et al. Causes of hospitalization in the USA between 2005 and 2018. Eur Heart J Open. 2021;1(1):oeab001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab001. PubMed PMID: 35919090; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9242058.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"207_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209165","volume":"369","author":"MR Griffin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1209165. PubMed PMID: 23841730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4877190.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"RR\u20139","key":"207_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"49","author":"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","year":"2000","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49(RR\u20139):1\u201335. PubMed PMID: 11055835.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"RR\u20138","key":"207_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"59","author":"AE Fiore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fiore AE, Uyeki TM, Broder K, Finelli L, Euler GL, Singleton JA, et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR\u20138):1\u201362. PubMed PMID: 20689501.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"207_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-022","volume":"14","author":"DM Musher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musher DM, Anderson R, Feldman C. The remarkable history of pneumococcal vaccination: an ongoing challenge. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2022;14:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41479-022-. 00097-y PubMed PMID: 36153636; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9509586.","journal-title":"Pneumonia (Nathan)"},{"key":"207_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Melgar M. Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Older Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u2014 United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7229a4.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7229a4"},{"key":"207_CR7","unstructured":"CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 4]. ACIP Recommendations. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/acip\/vaccine-recommendations\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-024-00150-y","volume":"16","author":"C B\u00fcrke","year":"2024","unstructured":"B\u00fcrke C, Baty F, Rassouli F, Brutsche MH, Albrich WC. Effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on hospitalizations for non-Covid-19-pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in Switzerland: comparison of national data between 2020\/2021 and 2015\u20132019. Pneumonia. 2024;16(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41479-024-00150-y.","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"issue":"2","key":"207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest","volume":"153","author":"BH Hayes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes BH, Haberling DL, Kennedy JL, Varma JK, Fry AM, Vora NM. Burden of Pneumonia-Associated Hospitalizations. Chest. 2018;153(2):427\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest. .2017.09.041 PubMed PMID: 29017956; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6556777.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"42","key":"207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.002","volume":"33","author":"AC O\u2019Halloran","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Halloran AC, Lu P jun, Pilishvili T. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons\u2009\u2265\u200965 years\u2014United States, 2013. Vaccine. 2015;33(42):5503\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.002.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kobayashi M. Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged\u2009\u2265\u200919 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023;72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7203a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7203a1"},{"key":"207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kobayashi M. Expanded Recommendations for Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Among Adults Aged\u2009\u2265\u200950 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u2014 United States, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7401a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7401a1"},{"key":"207_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f5061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5061","volume":"347","author":"D Mertz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, Lam PP, Science M, Kuster SP, et al. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347:f5061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f5061 . PubMed PMID: 23974637.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"207_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang M. Trends in the prevalence of diabetes, among U.S. adults: 1999\u20132016. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(4):497\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.018"},{"issue":"12","key":"207_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.11494","volume":"312","author":"LS Geiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geiss LS, Wang J, Cheng YJ, Thompson TJ, Barker L, Li Y, et al. Prevalence and Incidence Trends for Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults Aged 20 to 79 Years, United States, 1980\u20132012. JAMA. 2014;312(12):1218\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.11494.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"207_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Y. Trends in the Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Adults Aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 Years \u2014 United States, 2011\u20132021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7246a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7246a1"},{"issue":"8","key":"207_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9883","volume":"326","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Li X, Wang Z, Bancks MP, Carnethon MR, Greenland P, et al. Trends in Prevalence of Diabetes and Control of Risk Factors in Diabetes Among US Adults, 1999\u20132018. JAMA. 2021;326(8):704\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.9883.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"207_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e057017","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057017","volume":"12","author":"ISS Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho ISS, Azcoaga-Lorenzo A, Akbari A, Davies J, Hodgins P, Khunti K, et al. Variation in the estimated prevalence of multimorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis of 193 international studies. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e057017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057017 . PubMed PMID: 35487738.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-47","volume":"11","author":"WW Hung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hung WW, Ross JS, Boockvar KS, Siu AL. Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11(1):47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2318-11-47.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"207_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis240","volume":"205","author":"PC Wroe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wroe PC, Finkelstein JA, Ray GT, Linder JA, Johnson KM, Rifas-Shiman S, et al. Aging Population and Future Burden of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(10):1589\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jis240.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"207_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.384","volume":"307","author":"PK Lindenauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindenauer PK, Lagu T, Shieh MS, Pekow PS, Rothberg MB. Association of Diagnostic Coding With Trends in Hospitalizations and Mortality of Patients With Pneumonia, 2003\u20132009. JAMA. 2012;307(13):1405\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2012.384.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"207_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olsen SJ. Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic \u2014 United States, 2020\u20132021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7029a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7029a1"},{"key":"207_CR23","unstructured":"MarketScan. Research Databases for life sciences researchers. Merative; 2023."},{"key":"207_CR24","unstructured":"Ochieng N, Cubanski J, Published TN. A snapshot of sources of coverage among medicare beneficiaries. KFF [Internet]. 2024 Sep 23 [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicare\/issue-brief\/a-snapshot-of-sources-of-coverage-among-medicare-beneficiaries\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673354","volume":"32","author":"AS Kulaylat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kulaylat AS, Schaefer EW, Messaris E, Hollenbeak CS. Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Databases for Clinical Research in Colon and Rectal Surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019;32(1):54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1673354 . PubMed PMID: 30647546; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6327721.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"207_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202728","author":"AM Schwartz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwartz AM, Kugeler KJ, Nelson CA, Marx GE, Hinckley AF. Use of commercial claims data for evaluating trends in lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010\u20132018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(2):499\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2702.202728 PubMed PMID: 33496238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7853566."},{"key":"207_CR27","unstructured":"AHRQ MapIT Software User\u2019s Guide [Internet]. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 1]. (Version 5). Available from: https:\/\/qualityindicators.ahrq.gov\/Downloads\/Resources\/AHRQ_MapIT_FY2018_Installation_Instructions.pdf https:\/\/qualityindicators.ahrq.gov\/Downloads\/Resources\/AHRQ_MapIT_FY2018_Installation_Instructions.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"207_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1419","volume":"160","author":"MB Rothberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rothberg MB, Pekow PS, Priya A, Lindenauer PK. Variation in Diagnostic Coding of Patients With Pneumonia and Its Association With Hospital Risk-Standardized Mortality Rates. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(6):380\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M13-1419 . PubMed PMID: 24723078; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6946057.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"207_CR29","unstructured":"Brodie S. Q&A: Coding guidelines for COPD and pneumonia | ACDIS [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 15]. (CDI Blog). Available from: https:\/\/acdis.org\/articles\/qa-coding-guidelines-copd-and-pneumonia"},{"key":"207_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puebla Neira DA, Hsu ES, Kuo YF, Ottenbacher KJ, Sharma G, et al. Reply to Lindenauer: apparent increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality is likely an artifact of changes in documentation and coding. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(5):649\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202010-3855LE. PubMed PMID: 33166199; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7924566.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3855LE"},{"key":"207_CR31","first-page":"233339282093980","volume":"7","author":"RB Smithee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smithee RB, Markus TM, Soda E, Grijalva CG, Xing W, Shang N, et al. Pneumonia Hospitalization Coding Changes Associated With Transition From the 9th to 10th Revision of International Classification of Diseases. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol. 2020;7:2333392820939801. 10. 1177\/2333392820939801 PubMed PMID: 32782916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7383658.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol"},{"key":"207_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grohskopf LA. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u2014 United States, 2024\u201325 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2024;73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7305a1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7305a1"},{"key":"207_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindenauer PK, Yu H, Grady J, Dorsey K, Triche EW. Apparent Increase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality Is Likely an Artifact of Changes in Documentation and Coding. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Mar 1;203(5):647\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202009-3697LE.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3697LE"},{"issue":"13","key":"207_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","volume":"318","author":"C Rhee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L, Murphy DJ, Seymour CW, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009\u20132014. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1241\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.13836.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"207_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14606","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773","volume":"60","author":"B Dowd","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dowd B. Understanding and Addressing Upcoding. Health Serv Res. 2025;60(5):e14606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773. .14606 PubMed PMID: 40091496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC12466550.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"207_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd","volume":"12","author":"C Rhee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rhee C, Klompas M. Sepsis trends: increasing incidence and decreasing mortality, or changing denominator? J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(Suppl 1):S89\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd. 2019.12.51 PubMed PMID: 32148931; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7024753.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"207_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02292-z","volume":"52","author":"HJ Meyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meyer HJ, M\u00f6dl L, Unruh O, Xiang W, Berger S, M\u00fcller-Plathe M, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 community-acquired pneumonia in a prospective observational cohort study. Infection. 2024;52(6):2359\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02292-z.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2250401","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50401","volume":"6","author":"EP Nolley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nolley EP, Sahetya SK, Hochberg CH, Hossen S, Hager DN, Brower RG, et al. Outcomes Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Severe Pneumonia and Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure From SARS-CoV-2 and Other Etiologies. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2250401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50401 . PubMed PMID: 36626168; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9856712.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"207_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2024.02.005","volume":"4","author":"X Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan X, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li J, Yang X, Wang L, et al. Comparative study on the incidence of non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective analysis based on respiratory non-COVID viral nucleic acid results. J Intensive Med. 2024;4(4):491\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2024.02.005.","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"key":"207_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105215","volume":"153","author":"RE Eldesouki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eldesouki RE, Uhteg K, Mostafa HH. The circulation of Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses and coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 during the surge of the Omicron variant. J Clin Virol. 2022;153:105215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105215 . PubMed PMID: 35717769; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9174098.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"207_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07757-1","volume":"37","author":"DM Levine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Levine DM, Samal L, Neville BA, Burdick E, Wien M, Rodriguez JA, et al. The Association of the First Surge of the COVID-19 Pandemic with the High- and Low-Value Outpatient Care Delivered to Adults in the USA. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(15):3979\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07757-1 . PubMed PMID: 36002691; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9400559.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"207_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1093RL","volume":"18","author":"MW Adelman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adelman MW, Bhamidipati DR, Hernandez-Romieu AC, Babiker A, Woodworth MH, Robichaux C, et al. Secondary Bacterial Pneumonias and Bloodstream Infections in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Annals ATS. 2021;18(9):1584\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1093RL.","journal-title":"Annals ATS"},{"key":"207_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05985-0","volume":"21","author":"E Coma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coma E, M\u00e9ndez-Boo L, Mora N, Guiriguet C, Ben\u00edtez M, Fina F, et al. Divergences on expected pneumonia cases during the COVID-19 epidemic in Catalonia: a time-series analysis of primary care electronic health records covering about 6 million people. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05985-0 . PubMed PMID: 33740907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7979451.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"207_CR44","unstructured":"Ochieng N, Cubanski J, Published TN. A snapshot of sources of coverage among medicare beneficiaries. KFF [Internet]. 2024 Sep 23 [cited 2025 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicare\/issue-brief\/a-snapshot-of-sources-of-coverage-among-medicare-beneficiaries\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"207_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182688d2","volume":"47","author":"MS Nehra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nehra MS, Ma Y, Clark C, Amarasingham R, Rockey DC, Singal AG. Use of Administrative Claims Data for Identifying Patients with Cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(5):e50\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182688d2. f PubMed PMID: 23090041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3556340.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"207_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2198","author":"PC Tang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tang PC, Ralston M, Arrigotti MF, Qureshi L, Graham J. Comparison of methodologies for calculating quality measures based on administrative data versus clinical data from an electronic health record system: implications for performance measures. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(1):10\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/jamia.M2198 ]"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR47","first-page":"e18","volume":"1","author":"K Tu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tu K, Campbell NR, Chen ZL, Cauch-Dudek KJ, McAlister FA. Accuracy of administrative databases in identifying patients with hypertension. Open Med. 2007;1(1):e18\u201326. PubMed PMID: 20101286; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2801913.","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"207_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-023-01882-z","volume":"23","author":"VA Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith VA, Berkowitz TSZ, Hebert P, Wong ES, Niederhausen M, Pura JA, et al. Design and analysis of outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in veterans. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2023;23:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01882-z . PubMed PMID: 37016340; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10071454.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"207_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0320054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320054","volume":"20","author":"NV Skei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Skei NV, Dam\u00e5s JK, Gustad LT. Number of ICD-10 diagnosis fields required to capture sepsis in administrative data and truncation bias: A nationwide prospective registry study. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(3):e0320054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320054.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"207_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.1005","volume":"179","author":"Y Tsugawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsugawa Y, Figueroa JF, Papanicolas I, Orav EJ, Jha AK. Assessment of Strategies for Managing Expansion of Diagnosis Coding Using Risk-Adjustment Methods for Medicare Data. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(9):1287\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.1005.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"207_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3529-4","volume":"18","author":"S Tong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tong S, Amand C, Kieffer A, Kyaw MH. Trends in healthcare utilization and costs associated with pneumonia in the United States during 2008\u20132014. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3529-4.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"207_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofad192","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad192","volume":"10","author":"LR Grant","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grant LR, Meche A, McGrath L, Miles A, Alfred T, Yan Q, et al. Risk of Pneumococcal Disease in US Adults by Age and Risk Profile. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(5):ofad192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofad192.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Pneumonia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:02:35Z","timestamp":1791154955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41479-026-00207-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3201\/eid2702","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1197\/jamia.M2198","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2200-6133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2200-6133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required as part of this study of secondary, non-identifiable healthcare claims data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was not necessary for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Kelsie Cassell, Salini Mohanty, Kelly Johnson, and Nicole Cossrow are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA who may own stock\/or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22"}}