{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:44:27Z","timestamp":1792514667964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Patient Rep Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 2019, an estimated 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally with approximately 2.4 million living within the United States. Those living with HBV require years if not decades of regular monitoring to prevent liver complications from occurring. The aim of this study was to explore the working conceptual framework of health related quality of life (HRQL) for those living with chronic HBV through qualitative analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data were collected by in-depth telephone interviews conducted in 2019 using purposeful sampling as part of a disease understanding assessment on the HBV patient experience within the United States. A directed content analysis approach was utilized by creation of a codebook to guide the organization of data, codes were developed by review of the literature (a priori) and through line-by-line reading of a subsample of queries. All transcripts were analyzed by at least two members of the study team and intercoder reliability was assessed using Dedoose software.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A sample of 19 individuals living with chronic HBV\u00a0were included within this study. Themes identified from transcripts noted the significant overlap between the reported experience of HBV  and constructs within the HRQL model. The psychological impact of chronic HBV on study participants\u2019 HRQL overall was considerable and contributed to depression, anxiety, homelessness, drug use, and incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our analysis supports the hypothesis that HBV impacts HRQL and often negatively affects emotional health. Our findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include HRQL assessment in the medical management of HBV, so that interventions can focus on reducing the burden of disease and improving quality of life for those living with HBV.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T12:12:12Z","timestamp":1636546332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Health-related quality of life for adults living with hepatitis B in the United States: a qualitative assessment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Freeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhea","family":"Racho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kamischke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Moraras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangeline","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chari","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"398_CR1","volume-title":"Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO (2021) Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, vol 53. WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"398_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31782","author":"R Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong R, Welch S et al (2021) An updated assessment of chronic hepatitis b prevalence among foreign-born persons living in the United States. Hepatology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31782","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"398_CR3","unstructured":"Hepatitis B (2020) 27:1\u20139. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs204\/en"},{"issue":"4","key":"398_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.008","volume":"67","author":"AS Lok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lok AS, Zoulim F, Dusheiko G, Ghany MG (2017) Hepatitis B cure: from discovery to regulatory approval. J Hepatol 67(4):847\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"398_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28156","volume":"63","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Murad MH (2016) AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 63(1):261\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28156","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"398_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.401","volume":"20","author":"D Halegoua-De Marzio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halegoua-De Marzio D, Hann HW (2014) Then and now: the progress in hepatitis B treatment over the past 20 years. World J Gastroenterol 20(2):401\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.401","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"398_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.002","volume":"62","author":"GV Papatheodoridis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papatheodoridis GV, Chan HLY, Hansen BE, Janssen HLA, Lampertico P (2015) Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: assessment and modification with current antiviral therapy. J Hepatol 62(4):956\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"398_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","volume":"67","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2018","unstructured":"Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ et al (2018) Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 67(4):1560\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29800","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"398_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-5079.2020.125","author":"CL Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin CL, Kao JH (2021) Prevention of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatoma Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2394-5079.2020.125","journal-title":"Hepatoma Res"},{"key":"398_CR10","unstructured":"FDA, HHS (2009) Guidance for industry use in medical product development to support labeling claims guidance for industry. Clin Fed Regist pp 1\u201339"},{"key":"398_CR11","unstructured":"NIH Collaboratory, Health Care Systems Research Collaboraty (2014) Patient-reported outcomes. pp 1\u201317"},{"issue":"5","key":"398_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.021204","volume":"59","author":"A Bowling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bowling A (2005) Just one question: If one question works, why ask several? J Epidemiol Community Health 59(5):342\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2004.021204","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"398_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22138","volume":"47","author":"CO Siew","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siew CO, Mak B, Myat OA, Li SC, Lim SG (2008) Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology 47(4):1108\u20131117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22138","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"398_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-52","volume":"7","author":"ETP Lam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lam ETP, Lam CLK, Lai CL, Yuen MF, Fong DYT, So TMK (2009) Health-related quality of life of Southern Chinese with chronic hepatitis B infection. Health Qual Life Outcomes 7:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-7-52","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"398_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21692","volume":"46","author":"BM Spiegel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spiegel BM, Bolus R, Han S et al (2007) Development and validation of a disease-targeted quality of life instrument in chroinc hepatitis B: the hepatitis B quality of life instrument ,version 1.0. Hepatology 46(1):113\u2013121","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"398_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"HF Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh HF, Shannon SE (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 15(9):1277\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305276687","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"398_CR17","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory; strategies for qualitative research","author":"G Bg","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bg G, Al S, Strutzel E (1967) The discovery of grounded theory; strategies for qualitative research. Illinois, Chicago"},{"issue":"1","key":"398_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15171\/jcs.2016.006","volume":"5","author":"L Valizadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valizadeh L, Zamanzadeh V, Negarandeh R, Zamani F, Hamidia A, Zabihi A (2016) Psychological reactions among patients with chronic hepatitis B: a qualitative study. J Caring Sci 5(1):57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/jcs.2016.006","journal-title":"J Caring Sci"},{"key":"398_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00100","author":"AH Kutnick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kutnick AH, Gwadz MV, Cleland CM et al (2017) It\u2019s a process: reactions to HIV diagnosis and engagement in HIV care among high-risk heterosexuals. Front Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00100","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"398_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050515","volume":"12","author":"T Tu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tu T, Block JM, Wang S, Cohen C, Douglas MW (2020) The lived experience of chronic hepatitis B: a broader view of its impacts and why we need a cure. Viruses 12(5):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12050515","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"398_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025415","volume":"9","author":"F Chabrol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chabrol F, Noah DN, Tchoumi EP et al (2019) Screening, diagnosis and care cascade for viral hepatitis B and C in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: a qualitative study of patients and health providers coping with uncertainty and unbearable costs. BMJ Open 9(3):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025415","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"398_CR22","first-page":"1142","volume":"14","author":"AH Alizadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alizadeh AH, Ranjbar M, Yadollahzadeh M (2008) Patient concerns regarding chronic hepatitis B and C infection. East Mediterr Heal J 14(5):1142\u20131147","journal-title":"East Mediterr Heal J"},{"issue":"1","key":"398_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-601","volume":"12","author":"R Mohamed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohamed R, Ng CJ, Tong WT, Abidin SZ, Wong LP, Low WY (2012) Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people with chronic hepatitis B attending a hepatology clinic in Malaysia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 12(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-601","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"398_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08811-5","volume":"20","author":"CA Adjei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adjei CA, Stutterheim SE, Naab F, Ruiter RAC (2020) \u201cTo die is better than to tell\u201d: reasons for and against disclosure of chronic hepatitis B status in Ghana. BMC Public Health 20(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08811-5","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"398_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-45","author":"J Wallace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallace J, McNally S, Richmond J, Hajarizadeh B (2013) Managing chronic hepatitis B: a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of people living with chronic hepatitis B in Australia. BMC Res Notes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-4-45","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"7","key":"398_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0389-9","volume":"34","author":"M Karimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karimi M, Brazier J (2016) Health, health-related quality of life, and quality of life: What is the difference? Pharmacoeconomics 34(7):645\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-016-0389-9","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"398_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.61.4.279","volume":"61","author":"ASF Lok","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lok ASF, Van Leeuwen DJ, Thomas HC, Sherlock S (1985) Psychological impact of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus on British patients. Genitourin Med 61(4):279\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.61.4.279","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"398_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.2.142","volume":"46","author":"FC Atesci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Atesci FC, Cetin BC, Oguzhanoglu NK, Karadag F, Turgut H (2005) Psychiatric disorders and functioning in hepatitis B virus carriers. Psychosomatics 46(2):142\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.psy.46.2.142","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"398_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S127139","volume":"11","author":"X Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue X, Cai S, Ou H, Zheng C, Wu X (2017) Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis B during antiviral treatment and off-treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence 11:85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S127139","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T12:21:10Z","timestamp":1636546870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jpro.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41687-021-00398-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-8020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study analysis was approved by the Heartland Institutional Review Board, USA. All participants gave informed consent to have the anonymized transcripts shared, analyzed, and published with the purpose of helping other patients, healthcare providers, caregivers, or others who have a role in the treatment of people with HBV understand their experiences, perceptions, and desires related to HBV.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors listed within this manuscript were involved in the development, design, writing, and analysis and give their consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CF served on a community advisory board for Gilead; SK is a GSK employee and stockholder; CC represents the Hepatitis B Foundation on community advisory boards for GSK and Gilead; the Hepatitis B Foundation receives unrestricted educational grants from GSK, Gilead, Janssen, BMS, Arbutus and Antios.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"121"}}