{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1793159957296,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Patient Rep Outcomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was designed to evaluate content validity of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), a patient-reported outcome measure, in adults with anhedonia in the context of major depressive disorder (MDD). To accomplish this, a conceptual model including the symptoms and impacts of anhedonia in the context of MDD was developed and refined through a targeted literature review, clinician interviews (N\u2009=\u20096), and participant interviews (N\u2009=\u200920).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using the final conceptual model, an item mapping exercise was conducted for the DARS, demonstrating that it provided suitable concept coverage in this population. Cognitive debriefing of the DARS with participants demonstrated that it was generally well understood and clear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, the study established that the DARS demonstrates content validity in adults with anhedonia in the context of MDD. Other measurement properties of the DARS will be evaluated in planned psychometric analyses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T17:03:11Z","timestamp":1741712591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Establishing content validity of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Bean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-3853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Dhanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Rodriguez-Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Karantzoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney H.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakina J.","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10161","key":"860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ (2018) Depression. Lancet 392(10161):2299\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","volume":"39","author":"PE Greenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Simes M, Berman R, Koenigsberg SH et al (2021) The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). Pharmacoeconomics 39(6):653\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09298","volume":"76","author":"PE Greenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC (2015) The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry 76(2):155\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.14m09298","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cooper JA, Arulpragasam AR, Treadway MT (2018) Anhedonia in depression: biological mechanisms and computational models. Curr Opin Behav Sci 22128\u201322135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.01.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.01.024"},{"key":"860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy SH (2008) Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 10(3):271\u2013277. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18979940","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.3\/shkennedy"},{"key":"860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao B, Park C, Subramaniapillai M, Lee Y, Iacobucci M, Mansur RB et al (2019) The Efficacy of Vortioxetine on Anhedonia in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 1017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00017","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00017"},{"issue":"10","key":"860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113494104","volume":"27","author":"SV Argyropoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Argyropoulos SV, Nutt DJ (2013) Anhedonia revisited: is there a role for dopamine-targeting drugs for depression? J Psychopharmacol 27(10):869\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881113494104","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1983-5","volume":"19","author":"VE Heininga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heininga VE, Dejonckheere E, Houben M, Obbels J, Sienaert P, Leroy B et al (2019) The dynamical signature of anhedonia in major depressive disorder: positive emotion dynamics, reactivity, and recovery. BMC Psychiatry 19(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1983-5","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193619","volume":"13","author":"G Loas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loas G, Lefebvre G, Rotsaert M, Englert Y (2018) Relationships between anhedonia, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large sample of physicians. PLoS One 13(3):e0193619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193619","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pizzagalli DA (2014) Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 10393\u201310423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606"},{"issue":"3","key":"860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006","volume":"35","author":"MT Treadway","year":"2011","unstructured":"Treadway MT, Zald DH (2011) Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(3):537\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winer ES, Jordan DG, Collins AC (2019) Conceptualizing anhedonias and implications for depression treatments. Psychol Res Behav Manag 12325\u201312335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S159260","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S159260"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000508773","volume":"53","author":"J De Fruyt","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Fruyt J, Sabbe B, Demyttenaere K (2020) Anhedonia in Depressive Disorder: a Narrative Review. Psychopathology 53(5-6):274\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000508773","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100724","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100724","volume":"35","author":"YA Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su YA, Si T (2022) Progress and challenges in research of the mechanisms of anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Gen Psychiatr 35(1):e100724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100724","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-022-00247-y","volume":"9","author":"TK Chow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chow TK, Bowie CR, Morton M, Lalovic AM, Rizvi SJ (2022) Contributors of Functional Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder: a Biopsychosocial Approach. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports 9:59\u201372","journal-title":"Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports"},{"key":"860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML (1976) Scales for physical and social anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 85(4):374\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843x.85.4.374","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843x.85.4.374"},{"issue":"1","key":"860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790010081010","volume":"40","author":"J Fawcett","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fawcett J, Clark DC, Scheftner WA, Gibbons RD (1983) Assessing anhedonia in psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(1):79\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790010081010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakonezny PA, Morris DW, Greer TL, Byerly MJ, Carmody TJ, Grannemann BD et al (2015) Evaluation of anhedonia with the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 65124\u201365130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.03.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.03.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99","volume":"167","author":"RP Snaith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Snaith RP, Hamilton M, Morley S, Humayan A, Hargreaves D, Trigwell P (1995) A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Br J Psychiatry 167(1):99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizvi SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Sproule BA, Kennedy SH (2016) Assessing anhedonia in depression: potentials and pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 6521\u20136535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004"},{"key":"860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arrua-Duarte E, Migoya-Borja M, Barrigon ML, Barahona I, Delgado-Gomez D, Courtet P et al (2019) Spanish adaptation of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS). J Affect Disord 245702\u2013245707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.040"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.062","volume":"229","author":"SJ Rizvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rizvi SJ, Quilty LC, Sproule BA, Cyriac A, Michael Bagby R, Kennedy SH (2015) Development and validation of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) in a community sample and individuals with major depression. Psychiatry Res 229(1-2):109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.062","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wellan SA, Daniels A, Walter H (2021) State Anhedonia in Young Healthy Adults: psychometric Properties of the German Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) and Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 12682824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682824","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682824"},{"key":"860_CR24","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2009) Guidance for Industry Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/77832\/download"},{"key":"860_CR25","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2019) Good Clinical Practice. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/about-fda\/center-drug-evaluation-and-research-cder\/good-clinical-practice"},{"key":"860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"8","key":"860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.014","volume":"14","author":"DL Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick DL, Burke LB, Gwaltney CJ, Leidy NK, Martin ML, Molsen E et al (2011) Content validity\u2013establishing and reporting the evidence in newly developed patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments for medical product evaluation: ISPOR PRO good research practices task force report: part 1\u2013eliciting concepts for a new PRO instrument. Value Health 14(8):967\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.014","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.013","volume":"14","author":"DL Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick DL, Burke LB, Gwaltney CJ, Leidy NK, Martin ML, Molsen E et al (2011) Content validity\u2013establishing and reporting the evidence in newly developed patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments for medical product evaluation: ISPOR PRO Good Research Practices Task Force report: part 2\u2013assessing respondent understanding. Value Health 14(8):978\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"860_CR29","unstructured":"FDA (2009) Guidance for Industry Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims. US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. 5th January 2023 (https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/77832\/download)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T17:03:13Z","timestamp":1741712593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jpro.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41687-025-00860-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-8020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and are consistent with Good Clinical Practice and applicable regulatory requirements. This study was conducted in accordance with the regulations of the US FDA as described in 21 CFR 50 and 56, applicable laws, and Institutional Review Board requirements. Participant consent was obtained prior to performing any study-related procedures, including screening.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"By signing the informed consent form, participants consented to publication of their deidentified data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Stephanie Bean was previously an employee of IQVIA, which was contracted by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. to conduct this study. Rahul Dhanda was previously an employee of Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. Christina A Graham is an employee of IQVIA, which was contracted by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. to conduct this study. Deborah Hoffman was an employee of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Mariam Rodriguez-Lee is an employee of Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. Adrian Ionescu is an employee of Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. Stella Karantzoulis is an employee of IQVIA, which was contracted by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. to conduct this study. Sidney H Kennedy has received funding for consulting or speaking engagements from Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, Lundbeck, Lundbeck Institute, Merck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sunovion, and Servier. He has received research support from Abbott, Brain Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Ontario Brain Institute, Otsuka, Pfizer, and Canada\u2019s Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research. He has stock\/stock options in Field Trip Health. Sakina J Rizvi has received research funding\/consultancy fees from the following sources: Allergan Canada, Brain and Behavior Foundation, Canadian Institute for Health Research, Ontario Brain Institute, Canadian Biomarker Integration Network for Depression, Janssen, Labbatt Family Network, Neurocrine, Pfizer Canada, Providence Healthcare Foundation, Research Innovation Council (SMH). She also holds the copyright for the DARS.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}