{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:56:23Z","timestamp":1792032983754,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1AR062800 and UL1TR000058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AR062800 and UL1TR000058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Patient Rep Outcomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional MIC estimates contain measurement error from PROMs. The LDSM offers a viable alternative to estimate MIC controlling for measurement error. We also propose a conceptual framework for considering the multiple steps necessary to calculate anchor-based MICs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from KASTPain, a no-effect multi-center randomized clinical trial of 364 participants with knee osteoarthritis and who underwent knee arthroplasty, were used to illustrate the LDSM to estimate MIC. Based on a structural equation modeling framework, we used LDSMs to estimate MICs of three commonly used patient-reported outcomes of pain and functional status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reported nine MIC estimates, three PROMs crossed with three post-intervention measurement occasions, from the LDSM. Results from the receiver operating curve analysis indicated that the area under curve was high (median: 0.88 range: 0.77\u20130.90) for all analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latent variable modeling of PROM change excludes PROM measurement error and may offer advantages over more traditional forms of MIC estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:15:27Z","timestamp":1779293727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The latent difference score model is a viable alternative to arithmetic difference score-based anchor-driven minimal important change calculation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Levent","family":"Dumenci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Riddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1085_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0167-6","volume":"16","author":"\u00c5 Nordin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nordin \u00c5, Taft C, Lundgren-Nilsson \u00c5, Dencker A (2016) Minimal important differences for fatigue patient reported outcome measures\u2014a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol 16:62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-016-0167-6","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1085_CR2","first-page":"407","volume":"10","author":"R Jaeschke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH (1989) Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control ClinTrials 10:407\u2013415","journal-title":"Control ClinTrials"},{"key":"1085_CR3","first-page":"S40","volume":"32","author":"Miedany YEl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miedany YEl (2014) Adopting patient-centered care in standard practice: PROMs moving toward disease-specific era. Clin Exp Rheumatol 32:S40\u2013S46","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"1085_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819618815521","volume":"24","author":"I Coulter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coulter I, Herman P, Ryan G, Hilton L, Hays RD (2019) The challenge of determining appropriate care in the era of patient-centered care and rising health care costs. J Health Serv Res Policy 24:201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1355819618815521","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"1085_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2025.04.019","author":"N Hodson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hodson N, McKegg PC, Driessche A, Raja H, North T, Charters M (2025) Challenges in Meeting Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Collection Requirements and Patient Predictors of Substantial Clinical Benefit Achievement in Total Joint Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2025.04.019","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"1085_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01228-7","volume":"21","author":"JA Watt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watt JA, Veroniki AA, Tricco AC, Straus SE (2021) Using a distribution-based approach and systematic review methods to derive minimum clinically important differences. BMC Med Res Methodol 21:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-021-01228-7","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1085_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2025.111897","volume":"185","author":"GU Abugu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abugu GU, Holloway N, Riches P, Clarke J, Giardini ME, Chopra S (2025) Anchor-based predictive modeling and receiver operating characteristic curve estimates of patient acceptable symptom state for the forgotten joint score in total knee arthroplasty patients stratified by age and gender. J Clin Epidemiol 185:111897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2025.111897","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13128","volume":"312","author":"AE McGlothlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGlothlin AE, Lewis RJ (2014) Minimal clinically important difference: Defining what really matters to patients. JAMA - J Am Med Association 312:1342\u20131343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.13128","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Association"},{"key":"1085_CR9","volume-title":"Test theory. A unified treatment","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonald RP (1999) Test theory. A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey"},{"key":"1085_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swan K, Speyer R, Scharitzer M, Farneti D, Brown T, Woisard V et al (2023) Measuring what matters in healthcare: a practical guide to psychometric principles and instrument development. Front Psychol 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1225850","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1225850"},{"key":"1085_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLINEPI.2021.08.029","volume":"141","author":"P Griffiths","year":"2022","unstructured":"Griffiths P, Terluin B, Trigg A, Schuller W, Bjorner JB (2022) A confirmatory factor analysis approach was found to accurately estimate the reliability of transition ratings. J Clin Epidemiol 141:36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLINEPI.2021.08.029","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","volume":"8","author":"CE Metz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Metz CE (1978) Basic principles of ROC analysis. Semin Nucl Med 8:283\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"1085_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02198-2","volume":"24","author":"M Hassanzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hassanzad M, Hajian-Tilaki K (2024) Methods of determining optimal cut-point of diagnostic biomarkers with application of clinical data in ROC analysis: an update review. BMC Med Res Methodol 24:84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-024-02198-2","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1085_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.12.015","volume":"83","author":"B Terluin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Terluin B, Eekhout I, Terwee CB (2017) The anchor-based minimal important change, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis or predictive modeling, may need to be adjusted for the proportion of improved patients. J Clin Epidemiol 83:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.12.015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.03.015","volume":"68","author":"B Terluin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terluin B, Eekhout I, Terwee CB, de Vet HCW (2015) Minimal important change (MIC) based on a predictive modeling approach was more precise than MIC based on ROC analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 68:1388\u20131396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.03.015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.00621","volume":"101","author":"DL Riddle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riddle DL, Keefe FJ, Ang DC, Slover J, Jensen MP, Bair MJ et al (2019) Pain coping skills training for patients who catastrophize about pain prior to knee arthroplasty: A multisite randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg - Am Volume 101:218\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.18.00621","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg - Am Volume"},{"key":"1085_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)45:5<453::aid-art365>3.0.co;2-w","volume":"45","author":"S McConnell","year":"2001","unstructured":"McConnell S, Kolopack P, Davis AM (2001) The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC): a review of its utility and measurement properties. Arthritis Rheum 45:453\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)45:5%253C453::aid-art365%253E3.0.co;2-w","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1085_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(99)00101-3","volume":"83","author":"MP Jensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD (1999) Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain 83:157\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3959(99)00101-3","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1085_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-149","volume":"13","author":"DL Riddle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riddle DL, Keefe FJ, Ang D, Dumenci JK, Jensen L (2012) A phase III randomized three-arm trial of physical therapist delivered pain coping skills training for patients with total knee arthroplasty: The KASTPain protocol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-13-149","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"1085_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.3.163","volume":"17","author":"SJ Kamper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Mackay G (2009) Global rating of change scales: A review of strengths and weaknesses and considerations for design. J Man Manipulative Therapy 17:163\u2013170","journal-title":"J Man Manipulative Therapy"},{"key":"1085_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029315","volume":"17","author":"M Rhemtulla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rhemtulla M, Brosseau-Liard P\u00c9, Savalei V (2012) When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychol Methods 17:354\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029315","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1085_CR22","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO Mplus User\u2019s Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998\u20132017"},{"key":"1085_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression. vol. 2nd","author":"DW Hosmer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied logistic regression. vol. 2nd. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"1085_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riddle DL, Dumenci L (2024) Limitations of minimal clinically important difference estimates and potential alternatives. J Bone Joint Surg. 931\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.23.00467","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00467"},{"key":"1085_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3108-3","volume":"20","author":"L Clifton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clifton L, Clifton DA (2019) The correlation between baseline score and post-intervention score, and its implications for statistical analysis. Trials 20:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-3108-3","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"1085_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111520","volume":"189","author":"K Sorjonen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorjonen K, Melin B, Nilsonne G (2022) Lord\u2019s paradox in latent change score modeling: An example involving facilitating longitudinal effects between intelligence and academic achievement. Pers Individ Dif 189:111520","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"1085_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15746","volume":"9","author":"K Sorjonen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sorjonen K, Ingre M, Nilsonne G, Melin B (2023) Dangers of including outcome at baseline as a covariate in latent change score models: Results from simulations and empirical re-analyses. Heliyon 9:e15746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15746","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1085_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03349-4","volume":"22","author":"K Sorjonen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorjonen K, Nilsonne G, Ingre M, Melin B (2022) Regression to the mean in latent change score models: an example involving breastfeeding and intelligence. BMC Pediatr 22:283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-022-03349-4","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"1085_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111316","volume":"169","author":"LK Harris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harris LK, Troelsen A, Terluin B, Gromov K, Ingelsrud LH (2024) Minimal important change thresholds change over time after knee and hip arthroplasty. J Clin Epidemiol 169:111316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111316","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B2.15095","volume":"87","author":"PB Pynsent","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pynsent PB, Adams DJ, Disney SP (2005) The Oxford hip and knee outcome questionnaires for arthroplasty. JBone Joint SurgBr 87:241\u2013248","journal-title":"JBone Joint SurgBr"},{"key":"1085_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.09.004","volume":"30","author":"DL Riddle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riddle DL, Macfarlane GJ, Hamilton DF, Beasley M, Dumenci L (2022) Cross-Validation of Good versus Poor Self-reported Outcome Trajectory Types Following Knee Arthroplasty. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 30:61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2021.09.004","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"1085_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.06.019","volume":"36","author":"SM Sayah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sayah SM, Karunaratne S, Beckenkamp PR, Horsley M, Hancock MJ, Hunter DJ et al (2021) Clinical Course of Pain and Function Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. J Arthroplasty 36:3993\u20134002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2021.06.019","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"1085_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294487","volume":"56","author":"SE Embretson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Embretson SE (1991) A multidimensional latent trait model for measuring learning and change. Psychometrika 56:495\u2013515","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1085_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollan KA, Curran PJ (2006) Latent curve models: a structural equation approach. Hoboken","DOI":"10.1002\/0471746096"},{"key":"1085_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519809540114","volume":"5","author":"L Dumenci","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dumenci L, Windle MA (1998) Multitrait-multioccasion generalization of the latent trait\u2010state model: Description and application. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J 5:391\u2013410","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"key":"1085_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.03.015","volume":"68","author":"B Terluin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terluin B, Eekhout I, Terwee CB, de Vet HC (2015) Minimal important change (MIC) based on a predictive modeling approach was more precise than MIC based on ROC analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 68:1388\u20131396","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03577-w","volume":"33","author":"B Terluin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terluin B, Trigg A, Fromy P, Schuller W, Terwee CB, Bjorner JB (2024) Estimating anchor-based minimal important change using longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis. Qual Life Res 33:963\u2013973","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"1085_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.12.015","volume":"83","author":"B Terluin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Terluin B, Eekhout I, Terwee CB (2017) The anchor-based minimal important change, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis or predictive modeling, may need to be adjusted for the proportion of improved patients. J Clin Epidemiol 83:90\u2013100","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1085_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.04.018","volume":"148","author":"B Terluin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terluin B, Eekhout I, Terwee CB (2022) Improved adjusted minimal important change took reliability of transition ratings into account. J Clin Epidemiol 148:48\u201353","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:31:14Z","timestamp":1784071874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01085-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-8020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Virginia Commonwealth University (HM14326, January 2023).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human subject and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"118"}}