{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:15:17Z","timestamp":1788138917556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Adelaide University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Patient Rep Outcomes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Pain Interference Questionnaire for Cerebral Palsy (PIQ-CP) and Fear of Pain Questionnaire adapted for Cerebral Palsy (FOPQ-CP) are two patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) developed and validated for children and young people with cerebral palsy and chronic pain, with specific adaptations to improve self-report opportunity. Test-retest reliability is an important psychometric property to ensure PROMs are used accurately to assess change in intervention and longitudinal studies. This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of the PIQ-CP and FOPQ-CP in children and young people with cerebral palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children and young people with CP aged 5\u201330 years with a history of ongoing pain were recruited from four Australian sites within a larger cross-sectional study. Participants completed the PIQ-CP or FOPQ-CP on two occasions 2\u20134 weeks apart. Test-retest reliability and measurement error were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC absolute agreement), standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Test\u2013retest reliability was moderate for the FOPQ-CP (Pain-related fear (subscale 1): ICC\u2009=\u20090.74 [0.58\u20130.85], SEM\u2009=\u20092.12, SDC\u2009=\u20095.88;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944; Pain-related avoidance (subscale 2): ICC\u2009=\u20090.62 [0.40\u20130.77], SEM\u2009=\u20094.07, SDC\u2009=\u200911.27;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944) and for the Pain Interference Questionnaire \u2013 Cerebral Palsy (PIQ-CP) (Pain interference: ICC\u2009=\u20090.71 [0.53\u20130.83], SEM\u2009=\u20096.29, SDC\u2009=\u200917.43;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945). The mean interval between assessments was 26.8 days.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PIQ-CP and FOPQ-CP have demonstrated sufficient test\u2013retest reliability for children and young people with cerebral palsy, including for those with diverse abilities. They can now be used in clinical and research settings to prioritise self-reported pain interference and pain-related fear\/avoidance in intervention studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:15:13Z","timestamp":1781716513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Test-retest reliability and measurement error of the pain interference questionnaire for cerebral palsy and the fear of pain questionnaire adapted for cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8272-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith Grace","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1304","DOI":"10.1097\/pr9.0000000000001304","volume":"10","author":"MG Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith MG, Gibson RJ, Russo RN, Harvey AR (2025) Adapting two pain assessment tools for young people with cerebral palsy: a multi-stakeholder consensus study. Pain Rep 10(4):e1304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pr9.0000000000001304","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03693-1","volume":"33","author":"M Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith M, Gibson RJ, Russo RN, Karanicolas S, Harvey AR (2024) Examining tools for assessing the impact of chronic pain on emotional functioning in children and young people with cerebral palsy: stakeholder preference and recommendations for modification. Qual Life Res 33(8):2247\u20132259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03693-1","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"1129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70033","author":"M Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith M, Gibson RJ, Russo RN, Smith N, Harvey AR (2025) Structural validity of the Pain Interference Questionnaire and Fear of Pain Questionnaire for children and young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.70033","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03981-4","volume":"34","author":"MG Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith MG, Gibson RJ, Schibani M, Russo RN, Thirumanickam A, Harvey AR (2025) The comprehensibility and feasibility of the modified brief pain inventory and fear of pain questionnaire adapted for children and young people with cerebral palsy. Qual Life Res 34(8):2377\u20132392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-025-03981-4","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","volume":"64","author":"S McIntyre","year":"2022","unstructured":"McIntyre S, Goldsmith S, Webb A, Ehlinger V, Hollung SJ, McConnell K et al (2022) Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 64(12):1494\u20131506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15346","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16325","author":"N Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith N, Gibson N, Imms C, Thornton AL, Harvey AR (2025) A core outcome set to assess chronic pain interference and impact on emotional functioning for children and young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol n\/a(n\/a). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.16325.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03761-6","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Elsman EBM, Terwee CB (2024) COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures version 2.0. Quality of life research. Int J Qual life aspects Treat care rehabilitation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-024-03761-6","journal-title":"Int J Qual life aspects Treat care rehabilitation"},{"key":"1129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S398886","volume":"14","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Eekhout I, van der Boers M, de Vet HCW (2023) Studies on Reliability and Measurement Error of Measurements in Medicine - From Design to Statistics Explained for Medical Researchers. Patient Relat outcome measures 14:193\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PROM.S398886","journal-title":"Patient Relat outcome measures"},{"key":"1129_CR9","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Prinsen CA, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, de Vet HC, Terwee CB (2019) COSMIN Study Design checklist for Patient-reported outcome measurement instruments. Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"issue":"8","key":"1129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03996.x","volume":"53","author":"MJC Hidecker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hidecker MJC, Paneth N, Rosenbaum PL, Kent RD, Lillie J, Eulenberg JB et al (2011) Developing and validating the Communication Function Classification System for individuals with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 53(8):704\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03996.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinkel MN, Rackauskaite G, \u00d8stergaard JR, Finnerup NB, Jensen MP (2024) Pain coping and catastrophizing in youth with and without cerebral palsy. Scandinavian J Pain 24(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/sjpain-2023-0062","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2023-0062"},{"issue":"20","key":"1129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2290199","volume":"46","author":"ER Rinde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinde ER, Anderz\u00e9n-Carlsson A, Jahnsen RB, Andersen RD (2023) Pain is one piece of a complex jigsaw puzzle \u2013 experiences of raising a child with cerebral palsy who has pain. Disabil Rehabil 46(20):4763\u20134771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2023.2290199","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"1129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x","volume":"50","author":"RJ Palisano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, Livingston MH (2008) Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System. Dev Med Child Neurol 50(10):744\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-022-00293-9","volume":"23","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, de Vet H, Diemeer S, Eekhout I (2023) Sample size recommendations for studies on reliability and measurement error: an online application based on simulation studies. Health Serv Outcomes Res Method 23(3):241\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10742-022-00293-9","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Method"},{"key":"1129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L et al (2019) The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inf 95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG (2009) Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf 42(2):377\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med 15(2):155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.27466","volume":"83","author":"EJ Tyler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tyler EJ, Jensen MP, Engel JM, Schwartz L (2002) The reliability and validity of pain interference measures in persons with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(2):236\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2002.27466","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"1129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909109346165","volume":"26","author":"JM Engel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engel JM, Kartin D, Carter GT, Jensen MP, Jaffe KM (2009) Pain in youths with neuromuscular disease. Am J Hosp palliat Care 26(5):405\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049909109346165","journal-title":"Am J Hosp palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001742","volume":"161","author":"LC Heathcote","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heathcote LC, Bhandari RP, Timmers I, Harrison LE, Simons LE (2020) Rapid identification and clinical indices of fear-avoidance in youth with chronic pain. Pain 161(3):565\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001742","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"1129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.05.002","volume":"13","author":"LE Simons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simons LE, Kaczynski KJ (2012) The Fear Avoidance model of chronic pain: examination for pediatric application. J Pain 13(9):827\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.05.002","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1129_CR22","unstructured":"Smith M, Smith N, McKenzie G, Harvey A Pain interference, pain-related fear and activity avoidance in children and young people with cerebral palsy and chronic pain: A cross-sectional study across diverse cognitive and communication abilities. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, under review"},{"key":"1129_CR23","unstructured":"Australian Cerebral Palsy Register (2020) Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Bulletin Birth years 1995\u20132014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:46:34Z","timestamp":1788137194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41687-026-01129-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-8020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was received from the Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Human Research Ethics Committee (2022\/HRE10554), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from young adults without cognitive impairment, caregivers of children and caregivers of young adults with cognitive impairment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"158"}}