{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:44:20Z","timestamp":1777434260308,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We compared T1- and T2-weighted signal intensities of liver-specific (gadoxetate, gadobenate) and non-specific (gadoterate) gadolinium contrast agents (CAs) in a bile phantom.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In a phantom study, gadoxetate, gadobenate, and gadoterate were diluted in saline, blood, and bile at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5. 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25\u00a0mM) and imaged in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using T1- and T2-weighted sequences. The maximum signal intensities of CAs were compared for each sequence separately and across all T1-weighted sequences using one-way ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using T1-weighted sequences, CA concentration-dependent signal intensity increase was followed by decrease due to T2* effects. Comparing CAs for each sequence in bile yielded higher maximum signal intensities with gadobenate than gadoxetate and gadoterate using T1-weighted spin-echo (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.010), multiecho gradient- and spin-echo (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and T1-weighted high-resolution isotropic volume excitation (eTHRIVE) sequences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.010). Comparing across all T1-weighted sequences in the bile phantom, gadobenate imaged using T1-weighted turbo field-echo (TFE) sequence showed the highest signal intensity, significantly higher than that using other CAs agents or sequences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.004) except for gadobenate and gadoxetate evaluated with three-dimensional multiecho fast field-echo (3D-mFFE) and gadoxetate with T1-weighted TFE sequence (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.141). Signal reduction with CA concentration-dependent decrease was observed on T2-weighted images.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this bile phantom study of gadolinium-based CA, gadobenate and gadoxetate showed high signal intensity with T1-weighted TFE and 3D-mFFE sequences, which supports their potential utility for contrast-enhanced hepatobiliary MRI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography depends on contrast agent type, kinetics, and concentration in bile,<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 We compared signal intensities of three contrast agents in a bile phantom study.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 Gadobenate, gadoxetate, and gadoterate demonstrated different signal intensities at identical concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\u2022 Gadoxetate and gadobenate showed high signal intensities on T1-weighted MR sequences.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T12:02:47Z","timestamp":1682337767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of gadolinium-based contrast agents for MR cholangiography in saline, blood and bile: a phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Johannes M.","family":"Froehlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Gutzeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sartoretti-Schefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dow-Mu","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orpheus","family":"Kolokythas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Matoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"331_CR1","first-page":"721","volume":"14","author":"F Maccioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maccioni F, Martinelli M, Al Ansari N et al (2010) Magnetic resonance cholangiography: past, present and future: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 14:721\u2013725","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06292-8","volume":"29","author":"SH Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi SH, Kim KW, Kwon HJ et al (2019) Clinical usefulness of gadoxetic acid\u2013enhanced MRI for evaluating biliary anatomy in living donor liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 29:6508\u20136518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-019-06292-8\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07637-4","volume":"31","author":"DM Koh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koh DM, Ba-Ssalamah A, Brancatelli G et al (2021) Consensus report from the 9th international forum for liver magnetic resonance Imaging: applications of gadoxetic acid-enhanced imaging. Eur Radiol 31:5615\u20135628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-020-07637-4\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02779-x","volume":"45","author":"S Poetter-Lang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poetter-Lang S, Bastati N, Messner A et al (2020) Quantification of liver function using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 45:3532\u20133544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-020-02779-x","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJRAD.2011.06.014","volume":"81","author":"S Feuerlein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feuerlein S, Gupta RT, Boll DT, Merkle EM (2012) Hepatocellular MR contrast agents: enhancement characteristics of liver parenchyma and portal vein after administration of gadoxetic acid in comparison to gadobenate dimeglumine. Eur J Radiol 81:2037\u20132041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EJRAD.2011.06.014","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/JMRI.22054","volume":"31","author":"A Filippone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Filippone A, Blakeborough A, Breuer J et al (2010) Enhancement of liver parenchyma after injection of hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast media: a comparison of gadoxetic acid and gadobenate dimeglumine. J Magn Reson Imaging 31:356\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JMRI.22054","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000507","volume":"53","author":"VM Runge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Runge VM (2018) Dechelation (Transmetalation): consequences and safety concerns with the linear gadolinium-based contrast agents, in view of recent health care rulings by the EMA (Europe), FDA (United States), and PMDA (Japan). Invest Radiol 53:571\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000507","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHEP.2012.01.031","volume":"57","author":"BE Van Beers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Beers BE, Pastor CM, Hussain HK (2012) Primovist, Eovist: what to expect? J Hepatol 57:421\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JHEP.2012.01.031","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"31","key":"331_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5840","DOI":"10.1007\/S00330-021-07702-6","volume":"318","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Sun Y, Yang Y et al (2021) (2021) Gadobenate dimeglumine\u2013enhanced biliary imaging from the hepatobiliary phase can predict progression in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur Radiol 318(31):5840\u20135850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-021-07702-6","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"32","key":"331_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1007\/S00330-021-08440-5","volume":"325","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Shen Z, Ma H et al (2021) (2022) Gd-BOPTA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging can predict the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Eur Radiol 325(32):3006\u20133015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-021-08440-5","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/JMRI.22429","volume":"33","author":"MS Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee MS, Lee JY, Kim SH et al (2011) Gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for biliary and vascular evaluations in preoperative living liver donors: comparison with gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:149\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JMRI.22429","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"331_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3965-z","volume":"26","author":"S Matoori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matoori S, Froehlich JM, Breitenstein S et al (2016) Age dependence of spleen- and muscle-corrected hepatic signal enhancement on hepatobiliary phase gadoxetate MRI. Eur Radiol 26:1889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-015-3965-z","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06179-8","volume":"29","author":"S Matoori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matoori S, Froehlich JM, Breitenstein S et al (2019) Serum albumin, total bilirubin, and patient age are independent confounders of hepatobiliary-phase gadoxetate parenchymal liver enhancement. Eur Radiol 29:5813\u20135822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-019-06179-8","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152605","volume":"279","author":"A Gutzeit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gutzeit A, Matoori S, Froehlich J, Koh D (2016) Reduction in respiratory motion artifacts on Gadoxetate acid-enhanced MR images after training technicians. Radiology 279:981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2016152605","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"331_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4086-4","volume":"26","author":"A Gutzeit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gutzeit A, Matoori S, Froehlich JM et al (2016) Reduction in respiratory motion artefacts on gadoxetate-enhanced MRI after training technicians to apply a simple and more patient-adapted breathing command. Eur Radiol 26:2714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-015-4086-4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0090-9","volume":"3","author":"S Matoori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matoori S, Roveri M, Tiefenboeck P et al (2019) An MRI-guided HIFU-triggered wax-coated capsule for supertargeted drug release: a proof-of-concept study. Eur Radiol Exp 3:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-019-0090-9","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120915674","volume":"62","author":"P Szomolanyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szomolanyi P, Frenzel T, Noebauer-Huhmann IM et al (2021) Impact of concentration and dilution of three macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents on MRI signal intensity at 1.5T and 3T and different pulse sequences: results of a phantom study in human plasma. Acta Radiol 62:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185120915674","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RLI.0000184756.66360.D3","volume":"40","author":"M Rohrer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rohrer M, Bauer H, Mintorovitch J et al (2005) Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths. Invest Radiol 40:715\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.RLI.0000184756.66360.D3","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000061","volume":"49","author":"S Goetschi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goetschi S, Froehlich JM, Chuck NC et al (2014) The protein and contrast agent-specific influence of pathological plasma-protein concentration levels on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 49:608\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000061","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3291-x","volume":"24","author":"GM Kukuk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kukuk GM, Schaefer SG, Fimmers R et al (2014) Hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging in patients with liver disease: correlation of liver enhancement with biochemical liver function tests. Eur Radiol 24:2482\u20132490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00330-014-3291-X\/FIGURES\/4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01226","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Panfen E, Fancher M et al (2019) Dissecting the contribution of OATP1B1 to hepatic uptake of statins using the OATP1B1 selective inhibitor estropipate. Mol Pharm 16:2342\u20132353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.MOLPHARMACEUT.8B01226\/SUPPL_FILE\/MP8B01226_SI_001.PDF","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"}],"container-title":["European Radiology Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1682337771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurradiolexp.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00331-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This phantom study did not include any human subjects or living animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This phantom study did not include any human subjects and thus does not require consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JMF is a consultant for contrast agent companies: Guerbet and B.e.imaging.ag. All authors had full oversight over all data at all times and declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}