{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:48:34Z","timestamp":1785160114826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We compared choroid plexus (ChP) manual segmentation on non-contrast-enhanced (non-CE) sequences and reference standard CE T1- weighted (T1w) sequences in 61 multiple sclerosis patients prospectively included. ChP was separately segmented on T1w, T2-weighted (T2w) fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR), and CE-T1w sequences. Inter-rater variability assessed on 10 subjects showed high reproducibility between sequences measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (T1w 0.93, FLAIR 0.93, CE-T1w 0.99). CE-T1w showed higher signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio (CE-T1w 23.77 and 18.49, T1w 13.73 and 7.44, FLAIR 13.09 and 10.77, respectively). Manual segmentation of ChP resulted 3.073 \u00b1 0.563 mL (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) on T1w, 3.787 \u00b1 0.679 mL on FLAIR, and 2.984 \u00b1 0.506 mL on CE-T1w images, with an error of 28.02 \u00b1 19.02% for FLAIR and 3.52 \u00b1 12.61% for T1w. FLAIR overestimated ChP volume compared to CE-T1w (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). The Dice similarity coefficient of CE-T1w\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    T1w and FLAIR was 0.67 \u00b1 0.05 and 0.68 \u00b1 0.05, respectively. Spatial error distribution per slice was calculated after nonlinear coregistration to the standard MNI152 space and showed a heterogeneous profile along the ChP especially near the fornix and the hippocampus. Quantitative analyses suggest T1w as a surrogate of CE-T1w to estimate ChP volume.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Relevance statement<\/jats:bold>\n                    To estimate the ChP volume, CE-T1w can be replaced by non-CE T1w sequences because the error is acceptable, while FLAIR overestimates the ChP volume. This encourages the development of automatic tools for ChP segmentation, also improving the understanding of the role of the ChP volume in multiple sclerosis, promoting longitudinal studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Key points<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2022 CE-T1w sequences are considered the reference standard for ChP manual segmentation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 FLAIR sequences showed a higher CNR than T1w sequences but overestimated the ChP volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2022 Non-CE T1w sequences can be a surrogate of CE-T1w sequences for manual segmentation of ChP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00421-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T20:02:16Z","timestamp":1708977736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Choroid plexus volume in multiple sclerosis can be estimated on structural MRI avoiding contrast injection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-7920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Visani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6285-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca B.","family":"Pizzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9972-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Tamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagiulia","family":"Anglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-6354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bertoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Castellaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2013","volume":"93","author":"HH Damkier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Damkier HH, Brown PD, Praetorius J (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus. 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Institutional Review Board approval was obtained (protocol number 66418, University of Verona).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. However, Prof. Massimiliano Calabrese (M.D.) received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Roche and received research support from the Progressive MS Alliance and Italian Minister of Health and from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Roche not related to this research. Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}