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MD, FA, <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values were analyzed from longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging at days 50 and 90 after rmTBI. Immunohistochemical staining against neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and myelin was performed. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression model were used.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At day 50 post-rmTBI, lower cortical FA and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values were shown in the short-interval group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.038). In contrast, higher FA and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values were shown for the long-interval group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.039) in the corpus callosum. In the ipsilesional external capsule and internal capsule, no significant changes were found in FA, while lower <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values were shown in the short-interval group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.028) at day 90. The <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values in the external capsule and internal capsule were negatively correlated with the number of microglial cells and the total number of astroglial cells (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.035).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tensor scalar measurements, such as <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values, are sensitive to exacerbated chronic injury induced by rmTBI with shorter inter-injury intervals and reflect long-term astrogliosis induced by the cumulative injury.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tensor scalar measurements, including <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values, are potential DTI metrics for detecting long-term and subtle injury following rmTBI; in particular, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> values may be used for quantifying remote white matter (WM) changes following rmTBI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>The alteration of L and q values was demonstrated after chronic repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>Changing q values were observed in the impact site and remote WM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:p>The lower q values in the remote WM were associated with astrogliosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:list-item>\n                <\/jats:list><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00490-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T15:01:49Z","timestamp":1721833309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anisotropy component of DTI reveals long-term neuroinflammation following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ching","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao-Yu","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chieh Jill","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1378620","volume":"15","author":"NJ Katchur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katchur NJ, Notterman DA (2024) Recent insights from non-mammalian models of brain injuries: an emerging literature. 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