{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:59:40Z","timestamp":1787317180143,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["22S31905900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22S31905900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["21YF1404800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF1404800"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of Special Project for Clinical Research of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Health industry","award":["20204Y0423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204Y0423"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the accuracy of quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent (qBOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying hypoxia within glioblastoma and explore dynamic changes in oxygenation status of glioblastoma with and without metformin administration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Three healthy and seven C6-bearing rats underwent 7-T qBOLD MRI. Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolism rate of O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (CMRO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) were calculated from qBOLD data. Tumor tissues were stained using hypoxia-inducible factor-1\n \n \n $$\\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n (HIF-1\n \n \n $$\\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) and pimonidazole. The correlation between the hypoxia markers and corresponding qBOLD-based parameters was analyzed. Six C6-bearing rats were divided into metformin-treated and control groups for a longitudinal study of qBOLD imaging changes, with scans conducted on the 12th, 15th, and 18th day post-tumor implantation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In healthy rats, gray matter showed higher values than white matter in T2, T2*, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and cerebral blood flow (CBF), whereas OEF was lower. Glioblastoma tissues exhibited elevated T2, T2*, CBV, and CBF but decreased OEF and CMRO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n relative to normal-appearing white matter. No significant correlation was found between staining scores from HIF-1\n \n \n $$\\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and pimonidazole. T2* and T2 values were negatively correlated with pimonidazole scores in tumor regions. As the tumor progressed, OEF values increased with intra-tissue variations, whereas CMRO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n decreased. Metformin delayed the reduction of T2 and T2* values, with significant differences in OEF and CMRO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n values compared to controls on day 18.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n T2* and T2 values were significantly associated with the hypoxia status in glioma. Metformin could potentially mitigate the progression of hypoxia in glioblastoma, which can be tracked by qBOLD parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n This study demonstrates the potential of qBOLD parameters in assessing glioma dynamic oxygen metabolism and the efficacy of metformin as an anti-hypoxic agent, providing insights into improving glioblastoma treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key Points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The study investigated qBOLD imaging\u2019s accuracy in identifying hypoxia status within glioblastoma.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n qBOLD effectively assesses hypoxia and its dynamic evolution in glioblastoma.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n qBOLD parameters assist in identifying a suitable patient demographic for metformin treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00533-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T04:47:12Z","timestamp":1733114832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of hypoxia and its dynamic evolution in glioblastoma via qBOLD MRI: a comparative study with metformin treatment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinwei","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu-Yeh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","volume":"24","author":"QT Ostrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C et al (2022) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019. 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