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We aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting HT and its subtypes with poor prognosis\u2014parenchymal hemorrhage (PH), including PH-1 (hematoma within infarcted tissue, occupying &lt; 30%) and PH-2 (hematoma occupying \u2265 30% of the infarcted tissue)\u2014in AIS patients following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) based on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this six-center retrospective study, clinical and imaging data from 445 consecutive IVT-treated AIS patients were collected (01\/2018\u201306\/2023). The training cohort comprised 344 patients from five centers, and the test cohort included 101 patients from the sixth center. A clinical model was developed using eXtreme Gradient Boosting, an NCCT-based imaging model was created using deep learning, and an ensemble model integrated both models. Comparison with existing clinical scores (MSS, SEDAN, GRASPS) was performed using the DeLong test.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 445 individuals, 202 (45.4%) had HT, 79 (17.8%) had hemorrhagic infarction, and 123 (27.6%) had PH. In the test cohort, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the clinical, imaging, and ensemble model for HT prediction was 0.877, 0.920, and 0.937, respectively. The ensemble model for HT prediction outperformed MSS, SEDAN, and GRASPS scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.023). The ensemble model predicted PH and PH-2 with AUROC of 0.858 and 0.806, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Developing and validating an integrated model that can predict HT and its subtypes in AIS patients following IVT based on NCCT and clinical data is feasible.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The clinical, imaging, and ensemble models based on noncontrast CT and clinical data outperformed existing clinical scores in predicting hemorrhagic transformation of AIS and its subtypes with poor prognosis, facilitating personalized treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>The models demonstrated the capability to predict hemorrhagic transformation of acute ischemic stroke quickly, accurately, and reliably.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>The proposed models outperformed existing clinical scores in predicting hemorrhagic transformation.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>The ensemble model provided risk assessment of parenchymal hemorrhage and parenchymal hemorrhage-2 outperforming existing clinical scores.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00535-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T14:33:43Z","timestamp":1736951623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Deep learning of noncontrast CT for fast prediction of hemorrhagic transformation of acute ischemic stroke: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoguo","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangyuan","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"535_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.510321","volume":"39","author":"M Paciaroni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Corea F et al (2008) Early hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarction: rate, predictive factors, and influence on clinical outcome: results of a prospective multicenter study. 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