{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:33:26Z","timestamp":1784255606388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014690","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031584","name":"German Center for Diabetes Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021371","name":"Schmutzler Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n 31<\/jats:sup>P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) saturation transfer (ST) allows for noninvasive investigation of liver energy metabolism by assessing flux rates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. However, this technique has rarely been applied at clinical field strengths because of long examination times and contamination from muscle tissue. Our aim was to establish a new method to robustly assess ATP synthesis using a clinical scanner.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A prospective single-center study was performed (January 2023\u2013August 2024) within the German Diabetes Study. We established a suitable 31<\/jats:sup>P-MRS ST protocol, tested it in vitro<\/jats:italic> and in vivo<\/jats:italic> and assessed its reproducibility. We assessed the hepatic apparent spin-lattice relaxation time of inorganic phosphate (\n \n $${T}_{1,{Pi}}^{{\\prime} }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n i<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \u2032<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>), equilibrium forward rate constant (\n \n $${k}_{f}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n k<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n f<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>), and forward ATP synthesis rate (\n \n $${F}_{{ATP}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n T<\/mml:mi>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) in nine control volunteers (CON) (six females) and eight patients (five females) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and compared differences by ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Reproducibility assessment in nine CON, aged 27\u2009\u00b1\u20094 years (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation), yielded coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of 7.1% and 21.3% for \n \n $${T}_{1,{Pi}}^{{\\prime} }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n T<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n i<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \u2032<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> and \n \n $${k}_{f}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n k<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n f<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>, respectively. Group comparison revealed higher hepatic \n \n $${k}_{f}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n k<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n f<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> (0.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009s-1<\/jats:sup>\n versus<\/jats:italic> 0.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009s-1<\/jats:sup>; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and \n \n $${F}_{{ATP}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n F<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n A<\/mml:mi>\n T<\/mml:mi>\n P<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> (35.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009mM\/min versus<\/jats:italic> 16.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009mM\/min; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) in CON than in T1D, aged 42\u2009\u00b1\u200915 years, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This 31<\/jats:sup>P-MRS ST method allowed for robust assessment of hepatic ATP synthesis at clinical field strength and was sensitive enough to detect differences between CON and T1D volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n Noninvasive methods to investigate hepatic energy metabolism are urgently needed to evaluate liver health while preventing unnecessary biopsies. For broad clinical applicability, the robustness shown by the proposed method at clinical field strength is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01055093\u2014Prospective study on diabetes mellitus and its complications in newly diagnosed adult patients (GDC), NCT01055093, Registered: 01\/22\/2010, https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01055093?term=NCT01055093&rank=1#study-overview<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key Points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The proposed magnetic resonance spectroscopy method calculates hepatic ATP synthesis rates at clinical field strength.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The protocol shows acceptable reproducibility and spectra without contamination from muscle.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The method can detect differences between participants with type 1 diabetes and controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T19:04:44Z","timestamp":1747163084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["31P-MRS saturation transfer for assessing human hepatic ATP synthesis at clinical field strength"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Jonuscheit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict","family":"Korzekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sch\u00e4r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Mevenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wierichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Bobrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresia","family":"Sarabhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7795-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera B.","family":"Schrauwen-Hinderling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.020","volume":"78","author":"B Fromenty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fromenty B, Roden M (2023) Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases. 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Anal Biochem 529:193\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ab.2017.01.018","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"}],"container-title":["European Radiology Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T19:04:45Z","timestamp":1747163085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurradiolexp.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00588-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee (Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf; ref#4508) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies. MR received fees consulting, lecturing or serving on advisory boards from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Echosens, Eli Lilly, Madrigal, Merck-MSD, and Novo Nordisk and has performed investigator-initiated research with support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, and Nutricia\/Danone to the German Diabetes Center (DDZ). The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}