{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:58:20Z","timestamp":1775595500485,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82330059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored the gradient changes in structural similarity based on the cortical structure of patients with lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE) and further analyzed the characteristics of the associations between these changes and clinical phenotypes, gene expression profiles, and neurotransmitter distributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed a novel method, morphological inverse divergence (MIND), to construct structural similarity gradients for 62 LPE patients and 53 healthy controls. Between-group comparisons were performed to examine the abnormalities in gradients among LPE patients. Partial least squares regression analysis explored the relationships between gene expression profiles and gradient changes, as well as neurotransmitter expression associations with these alterations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that both groups showed a classic unimodal-to-cross-modal transition along the principal gradient. In LPE patients, the principal gradient increased in the left visual cortex and right prefrontal regions but decreased in the right cingulate gyrus. The secondary gradient also decreased in the right somatosensory cortex and bilateral visual cortices. Notably, changes in these gradients in the right somatosensory and visual cortices were significantly negatively correlated with clinical phenotypes. Connectome-transcriptome analysis revealed that abnormal gradient patterns were linked to whole-brain gene expression profiles, with enriched genes in pathways related to hormone activity and other functions. Additionally, there was a spatial correlation between the gradients and neurotransmitter densities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified the biological pathways enriched in genes associated with the pathological process of LPE and characterized the distribution patterns of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, thereby providing critical insights into the neuroimaging and neurobiological underpinnings of LPE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MIND-based brain structural similarity gradient exhibits a pattern of segregation and integration. We analyzed the association between this structural gradient and the clinical phenotype of primary premature ejaculation, offering novel insights into the neuroimaging and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We employed a novel approach, morphometric inverse divergence, to construct the brain structural similarity gradient.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We provide evidence for abnormal structural similarity gradients in patients with LPE.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We found an association between abnormal changes in gradients and clinical phenotypes, gene enrichment pathways, as well as neurotransmitter density.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:44:48Z","timestamp":1766058288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing neurobiology of lifelong premature ejaculation through brain MRI structural similarity gradient"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qiming","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutian","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"661_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v19i1.8176","volume":"19","author":"AV Raveendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raveendran AV, Agarwal A (2021) Premature ejaculation\u2014current concepts in the management: a narrative review. Int J Reprod Biomed 19:5\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijrm.v19i1.8176","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"661_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12032","volume":"3","author":"S Gur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gur S, Sikka SC (2015) The characterization, current medications, and promising therapeutics targets for premature ejaculation. Andrology 3:424\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12032","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"661_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.28","volume":"2","author":"SE Althof","year":"2014","unstructured":"Althof SE, McMahon CG, Waldinger MD et al (2014) An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine\u2019s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). Sex Med 2:60\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sm2.28","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"661_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054994","volume":"8","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu L, Mi Y, You X et al (2013) A meta-analysis of the effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene-linked promoter region polymorphism on susceptibility to lifelong premature ejaculation. PLoS One 8:e54994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0054994","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"661_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01618.x","volume":"7","author":"M McCabe","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCabe M, Althof SE, Assalian P et al (2010) Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction. J Sex Med 7:327\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01618.x","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"661_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.11.014","volume":"18","author":"JD Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia JD, Chen F, Zhang QJ et al (2021) Abnormal thalamic metabolism in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 18:275\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.11.014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"661_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00421-3","volume":"7","author":"B Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang B, Lu J, Xia J et al (2017) Functional insights into aberrant brain responses and integration in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Sci Rep 7:460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-00421-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"661_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.721236","volume":"15","author":"J Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu J, Chen Q, Li D et al (2021) Reconfiguration of dynamic functional connectivity states in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Front Neurosci 15:721236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.721236","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"661_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.025","volume":"19","author":"J Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu J, Zhang X, Wang H et al (2018) Short- and long-range synergism disorders in lifelong premature ejaculation evaluated using the functional connectivity density and network property. Neuroimage Clin 19:607\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.025","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"661_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.10.026","volume":"561","author":"F Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou F, Wu W, He X, Cao L, Ni L, Lu J (2024) The surface-based degree centrality of patients with lifelong premature ejaculation: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuroscience 561:87\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.10.026","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"661_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.929567","volume":"16","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Wang Q, Huang X et al (2022) Potential biomarkers for distinguishing primary from acquired premature ejaculation: a diffusion tensor imaging based network study. Front Neurosci 16:929567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.929567","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"661_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608282113","volume":"113","author":"DS Margulies","year":"2016","unstructured":"Margulies DS, Ghosh SS, Goulas A et al (2016) Situating the default-mode network along a principal gradient of macroscale cortical organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:12574\u201312579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1608282113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"661_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.033","volume":"62","author":"M Mesulam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mesulam M (2012) The evolving landscape of human cortical connectivity: facts and inferences. Neuroimage 62:2182\u20132189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.033","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"661_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0146","volume":"1","author":"AF Marquand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marquand AF, Haak KV, Beckmann CF (2017) Functional corticostriatal connection topographies predict goal directed behaviour in humans. Nat Hum Behav 1:0146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-017-0146","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"661_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu J, Hu Q, Lei Y et al (2025) Task modulation of resting-state functional gradient stability in lifelong premature ejaculation: an fMRI study. eNeuro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0066-25.2025","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0066-25.2025"},{"key":"661_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01376-7","volume":"26","author":"I Sebenius","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebenius I, Seidlitz J, Warrier V et al (2023) Robust estimation of cortical similarity networks from brain MRI. Nat Neurosci 26:1461\u20131471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-023-01376-7","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"661_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00882-2","volume":"26","author":"I Sebenius","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sebenius I, Dorfschmidt L, Seidlitz J, Alexander-Bloch A, Morgan SE, Bullmore E (2025) Structural MRI of brain similarity networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 26:42\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-024-00882-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"661_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000213349","volume":"104","author":"M Tranfa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tranfa M, Petracca M, Moccia M et al (2025) Conventional MRI-based structural disconnection and morphometric similarity networks and their clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 104:e213349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000213349","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"661_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14680","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xiao Y, Xing Y et al (2024) Morphometric similarity differences in drug-naive Parkinson\u2019s disease correlate with transcriptomic signatures. CNS Neurosci Ther 30:e14680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14680","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"661_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24306-2","volume":"12","author":"A Arnatkeviciute","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnatkeviciute A, Fulcher BD, Oldham S et al (2021) Genetic influences on hub connectivity of the human connectome. Nat Commun 12: 4237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-24306-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"661_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li D, Wang Y, Ma L et al (2025) Topographic axes of wiring space converge to genetic topgraphy in shaping the human cortical layout. J Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.1510-24.2024","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1510-24.2024"},{"key":"661_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820754116","volume":"116","author":"SE Morgan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morgan SE, Seidlitz J, Whitaker KJ et al (2019) Cortical patterning of abnormal morphometric similarity in psychosis is associated with brain expression of schizophrenia-related genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:9604\u20139609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820754116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"661_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117526","volume":"225","author":"Y Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji Y, Zhang X, Wang Z et al (2021) Genes associated with gray matter volume alterations in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 225:117526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117526","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"661_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01519-5","volume":"27","author":"M Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia M, Liu J, Mechelli A et al (2022) Connectome gradient dysfunction in major depression and its association with gene expression profiles and treatment outcomes. Mol Psychiatry 27:1384\u20131393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01519-5","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"661_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01474-3","volume":"48","author":"K Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue K, Guo L, Zhu W et al (2023) Transcriptional signatures of the cortical morphometric similarity network gradient in first-episode, treatment-naive major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 48:518\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-022-01474-3","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"661_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255905","volume":"348","author":"J Richiardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richiardi J, Altmann A, Milazzo AC et al (2015) BRAIN NETWORKS. Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks. Science 348:1241\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1255905","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"661_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u00e9rtes PE, Rittman T, Whitaker KJ et al (2016) Gene transcription profiles associated with inter-modular hubs and connection distance in human functional magnetic resonance imaging networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2015.0362","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0362"},{"key":"661_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00639-5","volume":"19","author":"M Gul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gul M, Bocu K, Serefoglu EC (2022) Current and emerging treatment options for premature ejaculation. Nat Rev Urol 19:659\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-022-00639-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"661_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae048","volume":"12","author":"JJ van Raaij","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Raaij JJ, Serefoglu EC, van Amelsvoort T, Janssen PKC (2024) Possible pathophysiologic roles of neurotransmitter systems in men with lifelong premature ejaculation: a scoping review. Sex Med Rev 12:638\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae048","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"661_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-024-00920-8","volume":"19","author":"J Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan J, Wang P, Nie D et al (2025) Abnormal percent amplitude of fluctuation in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation is associated with neurotransmitter profiles. Brain Imaging Behav 19:41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-024-00920-8","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"661_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623x.2011.582431","volume":"37","author":"M Yule","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yule M, Davison J, Brotto L (2011) The international index of erectile function: a methodological critique and suggestions for improvement. J Sex Marital Ther 37:255\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0092623x.2011.582431","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"661_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.028","volume":"52","author":"T Symonds","year":"2007","unstructured":"Symonds T, Perelman MA, Althof S et al (2007) Development and validation of a premature ejaculation diagnostic tool. Eur Urol 52:565\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.028","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"661_CR33","first-page":"121","volume":"6","author":"YM Yuan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yuan YM, Xin ZC, Jiang H et al (2004) Sexual function of premature ejaculation patients assayed with Chinese index of premature ejaculation. Asian J Androl 6:121\u2013126","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"661_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaefer A, Kong R, Gordon EM et al (2018) Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Cereb Cortex 28:3095\u20133114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"661_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0322-y","volume":"44","author":"P Homan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Homan P, Argyelan M, DeRosse P et al (2019) Structural similarity networks predict clinical outcome in early-phase psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 44:915\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0322-y","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"661_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.448","volume":"6","author":"H Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang H, Jin X, Zhang Y, Wang J (2016) Single-subject morphological brain networks: connectivity mapping, topological characterization and test-retest reliability. Brain Behav 6:e00448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.448","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"661_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500334102","volume":"102","author":"RR Coifman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coifman RR, Lafon S, Lee AB et al (2005) Geometric diffusions as a tool for harmonic analysis and structure definition of data: diffusion maps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:7426\u20137431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0500334102","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"661_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08944-1","volume":"10","author":"SJ Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong SJ, Vos de Wael R, Bethlehem RAI et al (2019) Atypical functional connectome hierarchy in autism. Nat Commun 10:1022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-08944-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"661_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11405","volume":"489","author":"MJ Hawrylycz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawrylycz MJ, Lein ES, Guillozet-Bongaarts AL et al (2012) An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature 489:391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11405","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"661_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D996","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1042","volume":"41","author":"SM Sunkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sunkin SM, Ng L, Lau C et al (2013) Allen Brain Atlas: an integrated spatio-temporal portal for exploring the central nervous system. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D996\u2013d1008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks1042","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"661_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.051","volume":"2","author":"H Abdi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdi H (2010) Partial least squares regression and projection on latent structure regression (PLS-regression). Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat 2:97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wics.051","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat"},{"key":"661_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O et al (2003) Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res 13:2498\u20132504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.1239303","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"661_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L et al (2019) Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun 10:1523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"661_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101947","volume":"24","author":"\u015e Bayrak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayrak \u015e, Khalil AA, Villringer K et al (2019) The impact of ischemic stroke on connectivity gradients. Neuroimage Clin 24:101947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101947","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"661_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26428","DOI":"10.3402\/snp.v5.26428","volume":"5","author":"F Cazala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cazala F, Vienney N, Stol\u00e9ru S (2015) The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men: a systematic review. Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol 5:26428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/snp.v5.26428","journal-title":"Socioaffect Neurosci Psychol"},{"key":"661_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.12.007","volume":"17","author":"K Allen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allen K, Wise N, Frangos E, Komisaruk B (2020) Male urogenital system mapped onto the sensory cortex: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence. J Sex Med 17:603\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.12.007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"661_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.08.033","volume":"104","author":"A Alwaal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alwaal A, Breyer BN, Lue TF (2015) Normal male sexual function: emphasis on orgasm and ejaculation. Fertil Steril 104:1051\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.08.033","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"661_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.02.001","volume":"10","author":"D Yaacov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaacov D, Nelinger G, Kalichman L (2022) The effect of pelvic floor rehabilitation on males with sexual dysfunction: a narrative review. Sex Med Rev 10:162\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.02.001","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"661_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13452","volume":"52","author":"\u0130N Tahtali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahtali \u0130N (2020) Is testosterone replacement an effective treatment of secondary premature ejaculation?. Andrologia 52:e13452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.13452","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"661_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4137\/ijtr.s1022","volume":"2","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Hasegawa H (2009) Production and peripheral roles of 5-HTP, a precursor of serotonin. Int J Tryptophan Res 2:37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/ijtr.s1022","journal-title":"Int J Tryptophan Res"},{"key":"661_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01167-4","volume":"13","author":"X Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu X, Liu L, Xue X et al (2023) Captive ERVWE1 triggers impairment of 5-HT neuronal plasticity in the first-episode schizophrenia by post-transcriptional activation of HTR1B in ALKBH5-m6A dependent epigenetic mechanisms. Cell Biosci 13:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13578-023-01167-4","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"661_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01696.x","volume":"7","author":"P Santtila","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santtila P, Jern P, Westberg L et al (2010) The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism is associated with premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 7:1538\u20131546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01696.x","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"661_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.19-01-00456.1999","volume":"19","author":"DF Fiorino","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fiorino DF, Phillips AG (1999) Facilitation of sexual behavior and enhanced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of male rats after D-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. J Neurosci 19:456\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.19-01-00456.1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"661_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.01.032","volume":"113","author":"A Miyasaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miyasaka A, Kanda T, Nonaka N et al (2025) Sequential transitions of male sexual behaviors driven by dual acetylcholine-dopamine dynamics. Neuron 113:1240\u20131258.e1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.01.032","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["European Radiology Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:44:49Z","timestamp":1766058289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-025-00661-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, China (No. 2022-226-03).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants gave their written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors disclose no competing interests related to this work. The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"119"}}