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However, collateral grading is rater-dependent and error-prone. We developed an automated cerebrovascular radiomics pipeline to establish objective collateral scoring on computed tomography angiography (CTA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We retrospectively analyzed admission CTAs from 343 LVO patients in the MR CLEAN trial, split into training\/validation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009274) and testing (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200969) sets. Vessel regions of interest were segmented using nnU-Net models trained on 40 arterial tree CTAs and 125 multiclass circle of Willis (CoW) cases. Radiomics features were extracted from vascular regions. Predictive features were identified, and a random forest classifier was trained to distinguish sufficient (&gt;\u200950%) from insufficient (\u2264\u200950%) collateral status according to the Tan score system. Performance was compared to the atlas-based middle cerebral artery (MCA) mask model and validated on an external cohort of 140 acute LVO patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Segmentation models accurately annotated cerebral arteries (95th percentile Hausdorff distance 4.49, Dice similarity coefficient 0.83) and CoW segments (2.27 and 0.81, respectively). After feature selection, 6 top features were identified for vessel-tree radiomics, 98 for MCA mask-based radiomics, and 32 for a combined vessel-tree\/CoW model. Vessel-tree outperformed MCA mask model on both internal (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.88\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.82) and external (AUROC: 0.83\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.66) test sets. Adding CoW features further improved performance, achieving 0.87 AUROC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We presented a fully automated generalizable CTA radiomics approach for objective collateral scoring in acute LVO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study introduces a fully automated CTA cerebrovascular radiomics pipeline that objectively assesses collateral status in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Combining vessel-tree and circle of Willis features improved collateral score prediction accuracy and generalizability, supporting more reliable, data-driven decision-making in acute large vessel occlusion management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Collateral circulation status informs prognosis and guides treatment in acute stroke, but grading is rater-dependent; our pipeline standardizes collateral assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We propose a CTA radiomics approach, trained and validated on multicenter data, externally tested on an independent cohort, demonstrating high effectiveness and generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Automated and reliable collateral scoring has the potential to reduce inter-rater variability, improve workflow efficiency, and support individualized treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-026-00680-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:45:04Z","timestamp":1773657904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerebrovascular CTA radiomics for objective collateral grading in acute ischemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5639-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Rallios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Majoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim Van H.","family":"van Zwam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aad","family":"van der Lugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bendszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Bonekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vajkoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orhun U.","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00651","volume":"8","author":"K Malhotra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malhotra K, Gornbein J, Saver JL (2017) Ischemic strokes due to large-vessel occlusions contribute disproportionately to stroke-related dependence and death: a review. 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The MR CLEAN trial protocol was approved by a central medical ethics committee and the research boards of all participating centers. Additional data from University Hospital Heidelberg (UKHD) were provided under approval of the Ethics Commission of UKHD (reference S-676\/2022), which stated \u201cno objections to the conduct of the study.\u201d","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patients or their legal representatives provided written informed consent before randomization in the MR CLEAN trial or participating in the VALIDATE project.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. CM reports grants from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative, an initiative of the Dutch Heart Foundation, European Union, Stryker, and Boehringer Ingelheim (all paid to their institution); and is a (minority interest) shareholder of Nicolab.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}