{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:22:31Z","timestamp":1778080951878,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2022YFC3400502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022YFC3400502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2022YFC3400500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022YFC3400500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["No. 2024100CA0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2024100CA0060"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy","award":["2023000CA0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023000CA0070"]}]},{"name":"Plans for Major Anhui Provincial Science & Technology Projects","award":["No. 202303a07020004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202303a07020004"]}]},{"name":"National Facility for Translational Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Radiol Exp"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early intervention in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is critical to halt disease progression. However, noninvasive tools for monitoring early-stage MASH and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models remain limited, impeding preclinical drug development. This study establishes an integrated approach using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4\u2009T to dynamically track disease development and drug response in a prefibrotic MASH mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD) for 16 weeks to induce early MASH without fibrosis and treated with the anti-MASH drug semaglutide for 8 weeks after modeling. Longitudinal MRI assessments\u2014including proton density fat fraction (PDFF),\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      mapping, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)\u2014were performed every 4 weeks and correlated with histopathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histology confirmed early MASH after 16 weeks, without fibrosis. All MRI parameters strongly correlated with histopathological scores. HFHCD feeding led to significant changes: PDFF, MRS-derived liver fat content (LFC), and T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values increased by 6.8-, 5.2-, and 2.5-fold, respectively, while apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreased by 30% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and ADC also correlated with MRS-quantified saturated fatty acids. Semaglutide treatment effectively reversed these changes: PDFF decreased by 73%, LFC by 62%, T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      by 46% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and ADC increased 1.4-fold (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) compared to the vehicle group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work demonstrates multiparametric MRI as a powerful noninvasive platform for monitoring early MASH dynamics and treatment response. By enabling longitudinal assessment in a prefibrotic model, this approach accelerates translational research in MASH diagnosis and drug development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The established multiparametric MRI evaluation system provides a valuable noninvasive monitoring platform for preclinical early-stage MASH research, demonstrating significant potential to accelerate the translational progress in MASH diagnosis and drug development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>A novel prefibrotic MASH model was established to assess early-stage MASH progression.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Multiparametric MRI at 9.4\u2009T enables noninvasive, longitudinal monitoring of early MASH.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Semaglutide-induced improvement in steatosis and inflammation can be monitored by multiparametric MRI.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:55:25Z","timestamp":1778079325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["9.4-T MRI monitoring of early MASH progression and therapeutic response in a prefibrotic mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9315-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changlin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"719_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","volume":"77","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS et al (2023) AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 77:1797\u20131835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","volume":"184","author":"R Loomba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI (2021) Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 184:2537\u20132564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.10.033","volume":"21","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Allen AM, Shah VH et al (2023) Longitudinal changes in MR elastography-based biomarkers in obese patients treated with bariatric surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:220\u2013222.e223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.10.033","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413258","volume":"392","author":"AJ Sanyal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I et al (2025) Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 392:2089\u20132099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2413258","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887109666141216102231","volume":"9","author":"N Kobyliak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kobyliak N, Abenavoli L (2014) The role of liver biopsy to assess non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Rev Recent Clin Trials 9:159\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1574887109666141216102231","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"key":"719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","volume":"73","author":"M Eslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK et al (2020) A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 73:202\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00130.x","volume":"37","author":"H Iijima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iijima H, Moriyasu F, Tsuchiya K et al (2007) Decrease in accumulation of ultrasound contrast microbubbles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res 37:722\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00130.x","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.06.008","volume":"62","author":"H Tsuchiya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsuchiya H, Ebata Y, Sakabe T, Hama S, Kogure K, Shiota G (2013) High-fat, high-fructose diet induces hepatic iron overload via a hepcidin-independent mechanism prior to the onset of liver steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Metabolism 62:62\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.06.008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6821","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6821","volume":"20","author":"N Khov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khov N, Sharma A, Riley TR (2014) Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 20:6821\u20136825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6821","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301021176","volume":"230","author":"P Limanond","year":"2004","unstructured":"Limanond P, Raman SS, Lassman C et al (2004) Macrovesicular hepatic steatosis in living related liver donors: correlation between CT and histologic findings. Radiology 230:276\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2301021176","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069153","volume":"55","author":"J Foucher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J et al (2006) Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut 55:403\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2005.069153","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25993","volume":"57","author":"J Boursier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boursier J, Zarski JP, de Ledinghen V et al (2013) Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by transient elastography. Hepatology 57:1182\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2018.10","volume":"15","author":"EB Tapper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tapper EB, Loomba R (2018) Noninvasive imaging biomarker assessment of liver fibrosis by elastography in NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2018.10","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.048","volume":"150","author":"K Imajo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imajo K, Kessoku T, Honda Y et al (2016) Magnetic resonance imaging more accurately classifies steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease than transient elastography. Gastroenterology 150:626\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.048","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20344","volume":"22","author":"M Koinuma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koinuma M, Ohashi I, Hanafusa K, Shibuya H (2005) Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 22:80\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.20344","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23606","volume":"36","author":"AM Chow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chow AM, Gao DS, Fan SJ et al (2012) Measurement of liver T1 and T2 relaxation times in an experimental mouse model of liver fibrosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 36:152\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.23606","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26455","volume":"58","author":"M Noureddin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noureddin M, Lam J, Peterson MR et al (2013) Utility of magnetic resonance imaging versus histology for quantifying changes in liver fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease trials. Hepatology 58:1930\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.26455","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1874-5","volume":"41","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Yoon CS, Han SJ, Park YN (2011) Evaluation of liver fibrosis with T2 relaxation time in infants with cholestasis: comparison with normal controls. Pediatr Radiol 41:350\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-010-1874-5","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9143-z","volume":"52","author":"C Aube","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aube C, Moal F, Oberti F et al (2007) Diagnosis and measurement of liver fibrosis by MRI in bile duct ligated rats. Dig Dis Sci 52:2601\u20132609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-006-9143-z","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910310513","volume":"31","author":"AM Aisen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aisen AM, Doi K, Swanson SD (1994) Detection of liver fibrosis with magnetic cross-relaxation. Magn Reson Med 31:551\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.1910310513","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"719_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28471","volume":"85","author":"P Peterson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peterson P, Trinh L, Mansson S (2021) Quantitative 1H MRI and MRS of fatty acid composition. Magn Reson Med 85:49\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.28471","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.02.014","volume":"1791","author":"IR Corbin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Corbin IR, Furth EE, Pickup S, Siegelman ES, Delikatny EJ (2009) In vivo assessment of hepatic triglycerides in murine non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1791:757\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.02.014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"719_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e318220f59b","volume":"18","author":"FZ Aly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aly FZ, Kleiner DE (2011) Update on fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Adv Anat Pathol 18:294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAP.0b013e318220f59b","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol"},{"key":"719_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22724","volume":"49","author":"EM Brunt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA et al (2009) Portal chronic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a histologic marker of advanced NAFLD-Clinicopathologic correlations from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network. Hepatology 49:809\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22724","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25889","volume":"56","author":"P Bedossa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N et al (2012) Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 56:1751\u20131759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.25889","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roumans KHM, Lindeboom L, Veeraiah P et al (2020) Hepatic saturated fatty acid fraction is associated with de novo lipogenesis and hepatic insulin resistance. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15684-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15684-0"},{"key":"719_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100358","volume":"25","author":"A Xavier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xavier A, Zacconi F, Santana-Romo F et al (2021) Assessment of hepatic fatty acids during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ann Hepatol 25:100358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100358","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31121","volume":"72","author":"R Loomba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loomba R, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Sanyal A et al (2020) Multicenter validation of association between decline in MRI-PDFF and histologic response in NASH. Hepatology 72:1219\u20131229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31121","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"719_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.08.061","volume":"19","author":"JG Stine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stine JG, Munaganuru N, Barnard A et al (2021) Change in MRI-PDFF and histologic response in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:2274\u20132283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.08.061","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","volume":"390","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harrison SA, Bedossa P, Guy CD et al (2024) A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med 390:497\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"719_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.07.006","volume":"82","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harrison SA, Browne SK, Suschak JJ et al (2025) Effect of pemvidutide, a GLP-1\/glucagon dual receptor agonist, on MASLD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 82:7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.07.006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"719_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943","volume":"391","author":"R Loomba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ et al (2024) Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med 391:299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"719_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118397","volume":"131","author":"Y Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao Y, Zhu H, Gao LX et al (2025) Structure-based design of novel THR-beta agonists and mechanism of activation research by molecular dynamics simulations. Bioorg Med Chem 131:118397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118397","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"719_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304286","volume":"389","author":"R Loomba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, Kowdley KV et al (2023) Randomized, controlled trial of the FGF21 analogue pegozafermin in NASH. N Engl J Med 389:998\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2304286","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"719_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/874201","volume":"2015","author":"S Palmucci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palmucci S, Cappello G, Attina G et al (2015) Diffusion-weighted MRI for the assessment of liver fibrosis: principles and applications. Biomed Res Int 2015:874201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/874201","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"719_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20605","volume":"54","author":"GJ Stanisz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stanisz GJ, Odrobina EE, Pun J et al (2005) T1, T2 relaxation and magnetization transfer in tissue at 3T. Magn Reson Med 54:507\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.20605","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"719_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104684","volume":"93","author":"ZX Ying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ying ZX, van Eenige R, Ge XK et al (2023) Combined GIP receptor and GLP1 receptor agonism attenuates NAFLD in male APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Ebiomedicine 93:104684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104684","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"719_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116888","volume":"176","author":"ER McGlone","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGlone ER, Davies I, Dore M et al (2024) Chronic treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor co-agonist causes weight loss-independent improvements in hepatic steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity. Biomed Pharmacother 176:116888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116888","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"719_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046130","volume":"13","author":"S Niu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niu S, Chen S, Chen X et al (2022) Semaglutide ameliorates metabolism and hepatic outcomes in an NAFLD mouse model. Front Endocrinol 13:1046130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1046130","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"719_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050842","volume":"11","author":"D Pasanta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasanta D, Htun KT, Pan J et al (2021) Magnetic resonance pectroscopy of hepatic fat from fundamental to clinical applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 11:842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11050842","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["European Radiology Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:55:27Z","timestamp":1778079327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-026-00719-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-9280"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-9280","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal-handling procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Approval number: DWLL(E)-2025-32; Date of approval: April 8, 2025). The study protocol was designed to minimize animal suffering and reduce the number of animals used.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}