{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T06:10:39Z","timestamp":1793686239881,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases; meanwhile, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disease that can lead to hypo or hyperthyroidism. Although the etiology of both diseases is complex with a combination of genetic and environmental factors, there are overlaps in genes contributing to the pathogenesis of both diseases. Numerous studies found a correlation between thyroid abnormality and RA in different populations, yet some didn\u2019t. This study is aimed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, AITD, and anti-thyroid peroxidase\u00a0(anti-TPO) positively in Iranian patients with RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 250 RA patients and 248 patients with non-inflammatory rheumatologic disease were included in this case\u2013control study. All participants underwent complete clinical and laboratory assessments. Participants were also assessed for thyroid function testing, including anti-TPO antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid dysfunction was twice as common in RA patients as in controls (OR\u2009=\u20092.16; P-value\u2009&gt;\u20090.001). Overt hypothyroidism was the most common thyroid dysfunction among RA patients (58 out of 84). Anti-TPO positivity was also significantly more common in RA compared with controls (OR\u2009=\u20092.65; P-value\u2009&gt;\u20090.001). The proportion of controls and RA patients with AITD were 9 and 21.5%, respectively. AITD was found 2.8 times more common in RA group than controls (OR\u2009=\u20092.77; P-value\u2009&gt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was demonstrated that RA was an independent factor associated with thyroid dysfunction and AITD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T23:03:14Z","timestamp":1666566194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Bagherzadeh-Fard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Yazdanifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Aghaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Masoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"293_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","volume":"4","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smolen JS, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18001.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00227-x.pdf","volume":"5","author":"R Tabaraii","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tabaraii R, et al. Association of lifestyle and disease characteristics with self-rated wellness\/health score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Rheumatol. 2021;5(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-021-00227-x.pdf.","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00184-5","volume":"5","author":"SV Bala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bala SV, et al. Reported disability in relation to observed activity limitation, grip strength and physical function in women and men with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Rheumatol. 2021;5(1):13.","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"293_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.8.722","volume":"62","author":"C Turesson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turesson C, O\u2019Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Extraarticular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:722\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"293_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2007.05.007","volume":"21","author":"A Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young A, Koduri G. Extra-articular manifestations and complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):907\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2007.05.007.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"293_CR6","unstructured":"Criteria for thyroid abnormalities according to the Dutch national healthcare consensus committee. http:\/\/www.dk.cvz.nl"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"293_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8598-9.pdf","volume":"60","author":"I Laz\u00farov\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laz\u00farov\u00e1 I, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis: relationship and the role of genetics. Immunol Res. 2014;60(2\u20133):193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-014-8598-9.pdf.","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.007","volume":"14","author":"K Bourji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bourji K, et al. Rheumatic and autoimmune thyroid disorders: a causal or casual relationship? Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(1):57\u201363.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"293_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1499","volume":"122","author":"I Laz\u00farov\u00e1","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laz\u00farov\u00e1 I, Benhatchi K. Autoimmune thyroid diseases and nonorgan-specific autoimmunity. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2012;122:55\u20139.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"issue":"5","key":"293_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.01.021","volume":"32","author":"H Mahagna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahagna H, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid dysfunction: a cross-sectional study and a review of the literature. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(5):683\u201391.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"293_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-161X.132458.pdf","volume":"41","author":"EA Elattar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elattar EA, Younes TB, Mobasher SA. Hypothyroidism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to disease activity. Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil. 2014;41(2):58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1110-161X.132458.pdf.","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"293_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584","volume":"69","author":"D Aletaha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman A, Funovits J, Felson D, Bingham C III, et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an american college of rheumatology\/european league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1580\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.27584.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380107","volume":"38","author":"ML Prevoo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prevoo ML, Van\u2019T Hof M, Kuper HH, Van Leeuwen MA, Van De Putte LB, Van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum Off J Am Coll Rheumatol. 1995;38(1):44\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780380107.","journal-title":"Arthr Rheum Off J Am Coll Rheumatol"},{"key":"293_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/864907","volume":"2012","author":"J C\u00e1rdenas Rold\u00e1n","year":"2012","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas Rold\u00e1n J, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a global perspective. Arthritis. 2012;2012:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"issue":"5257","key":"293_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5257.909","volume":"2","author":"W Hijmans","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hijmans W, et al. Serological overlap between lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and thyroid auto-immune disease. Bri Med J. 1961;2(5257):909.","journal-title":"Bri Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"293_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196302072680601","volume":"268","author":"KL Becker","year":"1963","unstructured":"Becker KL, Ferguson RH, McConahey WM. The connective-tissue diseases and symptoms associated with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. New Engl J Med. 1963;268(6):277\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM196302072680601.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"293_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.600","volume":"119","author":"M Przygodzka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Przygodzka M, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A. Prevalence of thyroid diseases and antithyroid antibodies in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009;119(1\u20132):39\u201343.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"issue":"12","key":"293_CR18","first-page":"801","volume":"59","author":"S Benamour","year":"1992","unstructured":"Benamour S, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis in Morocco. Apropos of 404 observations. Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires. 1992;59(12):801\u20137.","journal-title":"Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04809.x","volume":"1173","author":"I Laz\u00farov\u00e1","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laz\u00farov\u00e1 I, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease and autoimmune rheumatic disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04809.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"293_CR20","first-page":"81","volume":"11","author":"WT El-Sherif","year":"2004","unstructured":"El-Sherif WT, et al. Thyroid disorders and autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Egypt J Immunol. 2004;11(2):81\u201390.","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701620100","volume":"41","author":"F Atzeni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atzeni F, et al. Anti-thyroid antibodies and thyroid dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence and clinical value. Autoimmunity. 2008;41(1):111\u20135.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"293_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102529","volume":"19","author":"P Conigliaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conigliaro P, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and rheumatoid arthritis: a bidirectional interplay. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(6):102529.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"293_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111076","volume":"39","author":"SS McCOY","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCOY SS, et al. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(5):954\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.111076.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475515627235","volume":"47","author":"P Joshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi P, et al. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with disease activity. Trop Doct. 2017;47(1):6\u201310.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"293_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00799","volume":"9","author":"Q Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Q, et al. Increased risk of thyroid dysfunction among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:799.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"43","key":"293_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8357","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008357","volume":"96","author":"A Emamifar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emamifar A, Hangaard J, Jensen Hansen IM. Thyroid disorders in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis is associated with poor initial treatment response evaluated by disease activity score in 28 joints-C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP): an observational cohort study. Med (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8357.","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"3","key":"293_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejr.2018.08.002","volume":"41","author":"IM Saqre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saqre IM, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Egypt Rheumatol. 2019;41(3):167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejr.2018.08.002.","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol"},{"key":"293_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4216","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4216","volume":"6","author":"YL Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen YL, et al. Joint damage is amplified in rheumatoid arthritis patients with positive thyroid autoantibodies. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4216.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"293_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0533-x","volume":"50","author":"XF Pan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pan XF, Gu JQ, Shan ZY. Increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2015;50(1):79\u201386.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"12","key":"293_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.1101","volume":"8","author":"J Takamatsu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Takamatsu J, Yoshida S, Yokozawa T, Hirai K, Kuma K, Ohsawa N, Hosoya T. Correlation of antithyroglobulin and antithyroid-peroxidase antibody profiles with clinical and ultrasound characteristics of chronic thyroiditis. Thyroid. 1998;8(12):1101\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.1998.8.1101.","journal-title":"Thyroid"}],"container-title":["BMC Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1728212524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-022-00293-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-1026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-1026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the protocol approved by the ethics committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Before enrollment, informed consent was taken from all participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in the methods section.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}