{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:13:33Z","timestamp":1777634013821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Rheumatol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:47:52Z","timestamp":1751374072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic and therapeutic insights from a cohort of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kosar Asna","family":"Ashari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Tahghighi","family":"Sharabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raheleh","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Reza","family":"Raeeskarami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Ziaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key058","volume":"57","author":"H Girschick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girschick H, Finetti M, Orlando F, Schalm S, Insalaco A, Ganser G, et al. The multifaceted presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a series of 486 cases from the Eurofever international registry. Rheumatology. 2018;57(7):1203\u201311.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hetrick R, Oliver M. Pediatric autoinflammatory bone disorders\u2014a mini review with special focus on pathogenesis and inborn errors of immunity. Front Pead. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659"},{"key":"537_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-020-00149-8","volume":"6","author":"R Kraus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kraus R, Laxer RM. Characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children. Curr Treat Options Rheumatol. 2020;6:205\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Rheumatol"},{"key":"537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epsley S, Tadros S, Farid A, Kargilis D, Mehta S, Rajapakse CS. The effect of inflammation on bone. Front Physiol. 2021;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799"},{"key":"537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0419-y","volume":"16","author":"CJ Greenhill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenhill CJ, Jones GW, Nowell MA, Newton Z, Harvey AK, Moideen AN, et al. Interleukin-10 regulates the inflammasome-driven augmentation of inflammatory arthritis and joint destruction. Arthritis Res Therapy. 2014;16:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"537_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169687","volume":"12","author":"AJ Cox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cox AJ, Darbro BW, Laxer RM, Velez G, Bing X, Finer AL, et al. Recessive coding and regulatory mutations in FBLIM1 underlie the pathogenesis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0169687.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"537_CR7","first-page":"e43118","volume":"15","author":"M Hassan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassan M, Assi H, Hassan M, Bies JJ, Prakash S, Hassan A, et al. Chronic Recurr Multifocal Osteomyelitis: Compr Literature Rev Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43118.","journal-title":"Chronic Recurr Multifocal Osteomyelitis: Compr Literature Rev Cureus"},{"key":"537_CR8","first-page":"329","volume":"15","author":"A Giedion","year":"1972","unstructured":"Giedion A. Subacute and chronic symmetrical osteomyelitis. Ann Radiol Paris. 1972;15:329\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Radiol Paris"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel190","volume":"46","author":"A Jansson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jansson A, Renner E, Ramser J, Mayer A, Haban M, Meindl A, et al. Classification of non-bacterial osteitis: retrospective study of clinical, immunological and genetic aspects in 89 patients. Rheumatology. 2007;46(1):154\u201360.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-018-0290-5","volume":"16","author":"CS Bhat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhat CS, Anderson C, Harbinson A, McCann LJ, Roderick M, Finn A, et al. Chronic Non bacterial osteitis-a multicentre study. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2018;16:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04479-2","volume":"40","author":"MM Kostik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kostik MM, Kopchak OL, Maletin AS, Mushkin AY. The peculiarities and treatment outcomes of the spinal form of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children: a retrospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2020;40(1):97\u2013105.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"537_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959575","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959575","volume":"13","author":"CM Sergi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sergi CM, Miller E, Demellawy DE, Shen F, Zhang M. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. A narrative and pictorial review. Front Immunol. 2022;13:959575.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"537_CR13","first-page":"e69735","volume":"16","author":"R Hirota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hirota R, Emori M, Teramoto A. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e69735.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"537_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39013","volume":"67","author":"J Wipff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wipff J, Costantino F, Lemelle I, Pajot C, Duquesne A, Lorrot M, et al. A large National cohort of French patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(4):1128\u201337.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"49","key":"537_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40805","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040805","volume":"103","author":"M Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu M, Zeng W, Zhang J, Yan H, Huang F, Xiong H, et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in pediatric patients: A Chinese single center observational study and literature review. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(49):e40805.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"8","key":"537_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23462","volume":"70","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wu EY, Oliver MS, Cooper AM, Basiaga ML, Vora SS, et al. Consensus treatment plans for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis refractory to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and\/or with active spinal lesions. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(8):1228\u201337.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"537_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3572-6","volume":"36","author":"A Schnabel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schnabel A, Range U, Hahn G, Siepmann T, Berner R, Hedrich C. Unexpectedly high incidences of chronic non-bacterial as compared to bacterial osteomyelitis in children. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(12):1737\u201345.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"537_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000954","volume":"35","author":"S Ramachandran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramachandran S, Zhao Y, Ferguson PJ. Update on treatment responses and outcome measure development in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2023;35(5):255\u201364.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-016-0109-1","volume":"14","author":"M Roderick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roderick M, Shah R, Rogers V, Finn A, Ramanan A. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)\u2013advancing the diagnosis. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2016;14(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"537_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2218088","volume":"19","author":"S Singhal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singhal S, Landes C, Shukla R, McCann LJ, Hedrich CM. Classification and management strategies for paediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023;19(9):1101\u201316.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"537_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00657-4","volume":"20","author":"L Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma L, Liu H, Tang H, Zhang Z, Zou L, Yu H, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in children: a multicenter case series. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2022;20:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-025-01106-2","volume":"23","author":"C Hofmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hofmann C, Holl-Wieden A, Reiser C, Beer M, Raab P, Morbach H, et al. Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children- five-year standardized follow-up of a prospective observational cohort in the pre-biological era. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2025;23(1):50.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-022-00698-3","volume":"20","author":"S Kaut","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaut S, Van den Wyngaert I, Christiaens D, Wouters C, Noppe N, Herregods N, et al. Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in children: a multicentre Belgian cohort of 30 children. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2022;20(1):41.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"537_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farzanefar S, Salehi Y, Abbasi M, Ziaee V. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: A case report. Iran J Pediatr. 2017;27(5).","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.11142"},{"key":"537_CR25","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Oliver MS, Schnabel A, Wu EY, Wang Z, Marino A, et al. EULAR\/American college of rheumatology classification criteria for pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. Arthritis & Rheumatology; 2025."},{"key":"537_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Dedeoglu F, Ferguson PJ, Lapidus SK, Laxer RM, Bradford MC et al. Physicians\u2019 perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. International journal of rheumatology. 2017;2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7694942"},{"key":"537_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00256","volume":"5","author":"SR Hofmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hofmann SR, B\u00f6ttger F, Range U, L\u00fcck C, Morbach H, Girschick HJ, et al. Serum interleukin-6 and CCL11\/eotaxin May be suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. Front Pead. 2017;5:256.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"6","key":"537_CR28","first-page":"770","volume":"24","author":"R Assari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Assari R, Ziaee V, Ahmadinejad Z, Vasei M, Moradinejad M-H. Caseous granuloma: tuberculosis or chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis? Iran J Pediatr. 2014;24(6):770.","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"issue":"Si2","key":"537_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Si233","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead473","volume":"63","author":"M Robert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robert M, Giolito A, Reumaux H, Rossi-Semerano L, Guillemin C, Biarrotte L, et al. Extra-osseous manifestations in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a retrospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(Si2):Si233\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"537_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matucci-Cerinic C, Attico A, Malattia C, Consolaro A, Rosina S, Breda L et al. Towards the definition of disease phenotypes in pediatric SAPHO syndrome: a National multicentric study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf065"},{"issue":"5","key":"537_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-06887-7","volume":"43","author":"C Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu C, Li M, Wu Q, Zhou J, Liu T, Li J, et al. A statistical symptomatic evaluation on SAPHO syndrome from 56 cases of confirmed diagnosis and 352 cases of non-SAPHO involvement. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43(5):1763\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"537_CR32","first-page":"169","volume":"66","author":"AM Korchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korchi AM, Hanquinet S, Anooshiravani M, Merlini L. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: an essential tool for diagnosis and work up of non-oncological systemic diseases in children. Minerva Pediatr. 2014;66(3):169\u201376.","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"537_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2544-6","volume":"43","author":"C Falip","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falip C, Alison M, Boutry N, Job-Deslandre C, Cotten A, Azoulay R, et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): a longitudinal case series review. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(3):355\u201375.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"537_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanckoro\u0144ski M, Gietka P, Ma\u0144czak M, Sudo\u0142-Szopi\u0144ska I. Whole-Body MRI at initial presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, their overlapping syndrome, and Non-Specific arthropathy. J Clin Med. 2024;13(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040998"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050761","volume":"157","author":"HJ Girschick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Girschick HJ, Krauspe R, Tschammler A, Huppertz HI. Chronic recurrent osteomyelitis with clavicular involvement in children: diagnostic value of different imaging techniques and therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157(1):28\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"537_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109344","volume":"251","author":"C Hedrich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hedrich C, Beresford M, Dedeoglu F, Hahn G, Hofmann S, Jansson A, et al. Gathering expert consensus to inform a proposed trial in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO). Clin Immunol. 2023;251:109344.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"537_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken249","volume":"47","author":"C Catalano-Pons","year":"2008","unstructured":"Catalano-Pons C, Comte A, Wipff J, Quartier P, Faye A, Gendrel D, et al. Clinical outcome in children with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(9):1397\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"7","key":"537_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161255","volume":"44","author":"A Schnabel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schnabel A, Range U, Hahn G, Berner R, Hedrich CM. Treatment response and longterm outcomes in children with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(7):1058\u201365.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"537_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2022.10.005","volume":"81","author":"NA Beck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beck NA, Roudnitsky E, Nuzzi LC, Padwa BL, Dedeoglu F. How have the diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis changed over time?? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2023;81(2):238\u201347.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"537_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ziae114","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae114","volume":"8","author":"AT Leerling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leerling AT, Ca\u00f1ete AN, Smit F, Hamdy NAT, van de Burgt A, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, et al. Pamidronate for pain in adult chronic nonbacterial osteitis: protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JBMR Plus. 2024;8(10):ziae114.","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"issue":"1","key":"537_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/mrcr\/rxac010","volume":"7","author":"C Quintana-Ortega","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quintana-Ortega C, Prieto-Moreno Pfeifer A, Palomino Lozano L, Lancharro \u00c1, Saavedra Lozano J, Villa-Garc\u00eda \u00c1J, et al. Colchicine as rescue treatment in two pediatric patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2023;7(1):215\u20138.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:47:55Z","timestamp":1751374075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcrheumatol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-025-00537-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-1026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-1026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethical committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved this study. Informed written consent was obtained from the patients or parents of patients for participating their children in this report of the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"70"}}