{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:45:06Z","timestamp":1787021106960,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease (BD) is a chronic, systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that affects multiple organ systems. It is characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, ocular involvement, affecting arteries and veins of all sizes. It is more prevalent in countries along the ancient Silk Road. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, as there are no specific laboratory tests. The International Criteria for BD (ICBD) was developed to improve diagnostic accuracy. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, with treatment strategies depending on disease severity. Despite BD\u2019s significant morbidity and diverse clinical manifestations, its prevalence and characteristics remain to be described in Palestine. This research provides critical insights into disease patterns and contributes to improved diagnosis and management in Palestine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the period from Aug 2024 until March 2025 in rheumatology clinics across the West Bank and Jerusalem. 60 Patients diagnosed with BD based on ICBD (score\u2009\u2265\u20094) were included. Exclusion criteria were cognitive impairment, incomplete records, or non-residence in Palestine. Sixty patients were enrolled. Data was collected via chart review and patient interviews. Disease-related complications were assessed using the Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Overall Damage Index (BODI) to ensure standardized evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The male to female ratio was 1.14:1. In addition, the most common initial clinical presentations were oral aphthous ulcers (96.7%), genital aphthous (86.7%), ocular lesions (66.7%), skin lesions noted (46.7%), while vascular lesions occurred in (30%). Neurological manifestations and positive Pathergy test were (25%) and (18.3%), respectively. Regarding complications, the most common were vascular events (36.7%), skin ulcerations (33.3%), mucocutaneous scars (20%), avascular necrosis (13.3%), osteoporotic fractures (10%). Regarding complications in the eye, anterior segment changes presented (15%), posterior segment changes (8.3%), visual impairment in one eye (33.3%), and (13.3%) in both. Neurological complications were less frequent and there was no difference in characteristics between the genders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common manifestations were oral aphthous ulcers, followed by genital ulcers, neurological manifestations, and pathergy was the least frequent. The most frequently reported complications were vascular events, skin ulceration, and visual impairment, while neuropsychiatric complications were the least frequent, and there was no gender difference in BD characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research registry number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No trial registry number.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00544-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T02:53:19Z","timestamp":1753325599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical characteristics of beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease in palestine, a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Abdalrahim","family":"Daraghma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamar","family":"Baidoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaa","family":"Nazzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moath","family":"Hattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Jalamneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Abusalameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refat","family":"Hanbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qusay","family":"Abdoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"544_CR1","unstructured":"Adil A, Goyal A, Quint JM. 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May. 2024\/15) and the Palestinian Ministry of Health\u2019s Health Education and Scientific Research Unit. All participants provided informed consent after receiving a clear explanation of the study\u2019s objectives, procedures, risks, and benefits. Participation was voluntary, and patients were informed they could withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient consent and human ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"93"}}