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Endothelial activation is an early and potentially reversible stage of atherogenesis, and circulating adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been proposed as markers of vascular involvement in inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to compare serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis versus controls, and to examine their associations with disease activity, systemic inflammatory burden, cardiovascular risk profile, and treatment status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 154 participants recruited between 2023 and 2024, including 83 patients with AS, 40 with PsA, and 31 controls. Disease activity was assessed using ASDAS-CRP (AS) and DAS28-CRP (PsA). Inflammatory markers, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk scores, and treatment history were recorded. Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Group comparisons used Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests; correlations used Spearman or Pearson coefficients as appropriate. Multivariable linear regression was applied to identify independent predictors of VCAM-1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 levels did not differ significantly between AS, PsA, and controls. VCAM-1 showed positive correlations with C-reactive protein (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.247,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.163,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044), whereas ICAM-1 showed no significant associations with inflammatory, metabolic, or vascular parameters. In multivariable analysis, body mass index was the only independent predictor of VCAM-1 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.198,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027). In AS, higher disease activity defined by ASDAS-CRP\u2009&gt;\u20092.1 was associated with higher CRP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), ESR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), and VCAM-1 concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Biologic-na\u00efve patients had higher VCAM-1 levels than treated patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046), while those receiving Janus kinase inhibitors had lower VCAM-1 compared with biologic-na\u00efve individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were comparable between patients and controls, VCAM-1 reflected inflammatory activity and treatment status, particularly in AS. VCAM-1 may represent a more sensitive marker of endothelial activation than ICAM-1 in treated spondyloarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-026-00640-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T12:08:57Z","timestamp":1775131737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as markers of endothelial activation in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Markov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Bogdanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trifon","family":"Chervenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsvetoslav","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24820","volume":"75","author":"H Chaudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhary H, Bohra N, Syed K, Donato A, Murad MH, Karmacharya P. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Varna (Protocol \u2116133\/22.06.2023). All participants were informed about the study objectives and procedures, and written informed consent was obtained prior to inclusion.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}