{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:56:37Z","timestamp":1790553397292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Rheumatol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T13:34:35Z","timestamp":1783172075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic review of the efficacy of rituximab in the management of central nervous system involvement among adults with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Jafarzadeh","family":"Esfehani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000789","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000789","volume":"4","author":"CR Vasco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vasco CR, Rosaria T, Carlo Alberto S, Ana V, Tobias A, Chiara B, et al. Sj\u00c3\u00b6gren\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s syndrome: state of the art on clinical practice guidelines. RMD Open. 2018;4(Suppl 1):e000789.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"666_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13192","volume":"168","author":"G Nocturne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nocturne G, Mariette X. Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome-associated lymphomas: an update on pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(3):317\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"666_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-023-00611-8","volume":"11","author":"E Thurtle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thurtle E, Grosjean A, Steenackers M, Strege K, Barcelos G, Goswami P. Epidemiology of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s: A systematic literature review. Rheumatol Therapy. 2024;11(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"666_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01057-6","volume":"20","author":"M Beydon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beydon M, McCoy S, Nguyen Y, Sumida T, Mariette X, Seror R. Epidemiology of Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(3):158\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"666_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11613-5","volume":"270","author":"T Seeliger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seeliger T, Kramer E, Konen FF, Zehrfeld N, Beider S, Prenzler NK, et al. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with and without neurological involvement. J Neurol. 2023;270(6):2987\u201396.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"666_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_138_23","volume":"26","author":"HE Konak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konak HE, G\u00f6k K, Arma\u011fan B, G\u00fcven SC, Atalar E, Apayd\u0131n H, et al. Neurological involvement in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A retrospective Cross-Sectional study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2023;26(4):424\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"666_CR7","first-page":"50","volume":"27","author":"G Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan G, Dai F, Chen S, Sun Y, Qian H, Yang G, et al. Neurological involvement in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. JCR: J Clin Rheumatol. 2021;27(2):50\u20135.","journal-title":"JCR: J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"666_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05753-8","volume":"45","author":"M Jask\u00f3lska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jask\u00f3lska M, Rytlewska M, Du\u0142ak NA, Ulanowski M, Kwarciany M, Wiglusz MS, et al. Diversity of central nervous system manifestations in Sjogren\u2019s Disease: a case-based review. Rheumatol Int. 2025;45(2):35.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 126","key":"666_CR9","first-page":"S103","volume":"38","author":"A Mekinian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mekinian A, Tennenbaum J, Lahuna C, Dellal A, Belfeki N, Capron J, et al. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: central and peripheral nervous system involvements. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(Suppl 126):S103\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"666_CR10","first-page":"29","volume":"38","author":"F Teixeira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Teixeira F, Moreira I, Martins-Silva A, Vasconcelos C, Farinha F, Santos E. Neurological involvement in primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa. 2013;38:29\u201336.","journal-title":"Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa"},{"key":"666_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2024-eular.5496","volume":"83","author":"ZK Ongun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ongun ZK, Yayla M, Sezer S, \u0130lbay A, Giyna\u015f NG, Gaydan A, et al. AB0808 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN PRIMARY SJ\u00d6GREN\u2019S SYNDROME: A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE FROM TURKEY. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83:1698\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"666_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemel\u00e4 RK, Hakala M, editors. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome with severe central nervous system disease. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. Elsevier; 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(99)80033-X"},{"issue":"13","key":"666_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208799316366","volume":"14","author":"S Ozgocmen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ozgocmen S, Gur A. Treatment of central nervous system involvement associated with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Curr Pharm Design. 2008;14(13):1270\u20133.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"issue":"8","key":"666_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115080-00003","volume":"15","author":"M Govoni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Govoni M, Padovan M, Rizzo N, Trotta F. CNS involvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: prevalence, clinical aspects, diagnostic assessment and therapeutic approach. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(8):597\u2013607.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 2","key":"666_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2002.30156","volume":"29","author":"DG Maloney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maloney DG, Smith B, Rose A. Rituximab: mechanism of action and resistance. Semin Oncol. 2002;29(1 Suppl 2):2\u20139.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"666_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2016.053","volume":"39","author":"KL Randall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Randall KL. Rituximab in autoimmune diseases. Aust Prescr. 2016;39(4):131\u20134.","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"issue":"8","key":"666_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081920","volume":"13","author":"R Van Dijck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Dijck R, Doorduijn JK, Bromberg JE. The role of rituximab in the treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancers. 2021;13(8):1920.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"666_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103044","volume":"53","author":"P Bai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bai P, Zhang M, Yuan J, Zhu R, Li N. A comparison of the effects of rituximab versus other immunotherapies for MOG-IgG-associated central nervous system demyelination: a meta-analysis. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2021;53:103044.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"666_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05753-8","volume":"45","author":"M Jask\u00f3lska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jask\u00f3lska M, Rytlewska M, Du\u0142ak NA, Ulanowski M, Kwarciany M, Wiglusz MS, et al. Diversity of central nervous system manifestations in Sjogren\u2019s Disease: a case-based review. Rheumatol Int. 2025;45(2):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"666_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00103","volume":"23","author":"TH Barker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barker TH, Hasanoff S, Aromataris E, Stone JC, Leonardi-Bee J, Sears K, et al. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for cohort studies. J JBI Evid Synthesis. 2025;23(3):441\u201353.","journal-title":"J JBI Evid Synthesis"},{"key":"666_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.041","volume":"398","author":"L Feldman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldman L, Dhamne M, Li Y. Neurologic manifestations associated with cryoglobulinemia: a single center experience. J Neurol Sci. 2019;398:121\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"666_CR22","first-page":"S","volume":"36","author":"A Flores-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flores-Ch\u00e1vez A, Kostov B, Solans R, Fraile G, Maure B, Feijoo-Mass\u00f3 C, et al. Severe, life-threatening phenotype of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: clinical characterisation and outcomes in 1580 patients (GEAS-SS Registry). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36(3):S\u2013121. 9.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"666_CR23","first-page":"208","volume":"30","author":"A Mekinian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mekinian A, Ravaud P, Larroche C, Hachulla E, Gombert B, Blanchard-Delaunay C, et al. Rituximab in central nervous system manifestations of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: results from the AIR registry. Clin Experimental Rheumatology-Incl Supplements. 2012;30(2):208.","journal-title":"Clin Experimental Rheumatology-Incl Supplements"},{"key":"666_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ging K, Mono M-L, Sturzenegger M, Zbinden M, Adler S, Genitsch V, et al. Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in a patient with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a case report. 2019;13(1):165.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2086-8"},{"key":"666_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudsi M, Haidar G, Hadid B, Roumieh E, Al-Sayed SJEJCRIM. Severe headache in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome responded to rituximab. 2023;10(10):004051.","DOI":"10.12890\/2023_004051"},{"key":"666_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price EJ, Benjamin S, Bombardieri M, Bowman S, Carty S, Ciurtin C, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on management of adult and juvenile onset Sj\u00f6gren disease. 2025;64(2):409\u201339.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae152"}],"container-title":["BMC Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:40:49Z","timestamp":1790552449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41927-026-00666-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-1026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-1026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Since this study was a systematic review, no consent was obtained from patients. Based on the institutional regulations, systematic reviews do not require to obtain ethics approval. However, the protocol for the systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO website (Code: CRD420251029094).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"73"}}