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Regardless of this, endovascular ICAD treatment has meanwhile progressed, significantly reducing periprocedural complication rates.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>However, early in-stent restenosis (ISRS) remains, so far, unchallenged.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiologists had been at a similar point in the evolution of cardiac artery stenting and challenged ISRS through drug-eluting stents (DES).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, 90d results and restenosis rates of patients treated with DES versus bare-metal stents (BMS) were compared to determine whether DES could also solve the neurovascular problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All endovascular ICAD treatments in 2014\u20132022 at a single institution through DES were retrospectively compared to all BMS-treatments in regards to periprocedural complications and ISR rates. Perioperative procedures and drug regimen were comparable for all patients, follow-up was carried out 90\u00a0days after treatment through digital subtraction angiography, clinical status was recorded by a board certified neurologist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-two patients were treated for ICAD with DES, 26 patients received ICAD-treatment with BMS. Patients\u2019 demographics and comorbidities were comparable. The periprocedural and ISR-rates were significantly lower in DES compared to BMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lower periprocedural complication rate may be due to less complexity of the DES system, while lower ISR in the DES group may be connected to reduced endothelium irritation and proliferation through the eluted sirolimus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the population studied, DES achieved equal to better results in comparison to BMS. This study supports a re-evaluation of the role of endovascular ICAD-treatment as first line therapy in the light of the most recent developments on knowledge and techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T04:33:49Z","timestamp":1769402029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in the treatment of drug-refractory intracranial atherosclerotic disease: a retrospective single-center comparison"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Henkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Hajiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Forsting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Filioglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansj\u00f6rg","family":"B\u00e4zner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khanafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"654_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexander MJ, Nu\u00f1o M, Menaker SA, Song SS. 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Front Neurol. 2022;13:854226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.854226.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["CVIR Endovascular"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T04:33:53Z","timestamp":1769402033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00654-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This single-center retrospective analysis was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee (\u00c4rztekammer Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Stuttgart, Germany; IRB Number F-2012\u2013077).Patients were required to be at least 18\u00a0years of age. All patients or their legal representatives provided written informed consent at least 1\u00a0day before the procedure, after being informed of the planned treatment strategy and possible complications, and consented to data collection, analysis, and anonymous publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}