{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:11:37Z","timestamp":1789809097811,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CVIR Endovasc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central gland detachment (CGD) is a potential complication following prostate artery embolisation (PAE). There is limited information regarding its incidence, associated risk factors, and voiding and ejaculatory function after CGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-five consecutive patients undergoing PAE in a single institution were included in this retrospective cohort study. Baseline demographics, radiologic, procedural and clinical outcome data were gathered for all patients. CGD was diagnosed following clinical review and confirmed via cystoscopy or MRI as required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six out of 65 (9.2%) patients undergoing PAE developed CGD. Mean baseline prostate volume was 150\u00a0mL. CGD occurred more frequently among patients with prostate volume\u2009&gt;\u2009150\u00a0mL than among those with volume\u2009\u2264\u2009150\u00a0mL (19.2% vs. 2.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). Embolisation was performed with particles\u2009&lt;\u2009300\u00a0\u03bcm in 11\/65 cases; CGD incidence was numerically higher among patients treated with particles\u2009&lt;\u2009300\u00a0\u03bcm than with particles\u2009&gt;\u2009300\u00a0\u03bcm (27.3 vs. 5.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.056), although this association did not reach statistical significance. 4\/6 patients required cystoscopic removal of sloughed tissue. After resolution of the acute CGD episode, mean International Prostate Symptoms Scores (IPSS) and quality of life due to urinary symptoms (QOL) scores improved from 22 to 2.3 and from 5.3 to 0.5 respectively. In those with preserved ejaculatory function at baseline, 3\/4 CGD patients developed new retrograde ejaculation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Central gland detachment is an uncommon but clinically significant complication of PAE. Severe prostatomegaly may be associated with CGD, and cases can occur despite use of medium-sized particles (&gt;\u2009300\u00a0\u03bcm). Long-term voiding outcomes are generally favourable, but new ejaculatory dysfunction can occur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:25:06Z","timestamp":1789806306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Central gland detachment following prostate artery embolization: incidence, risk factors and clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fergus","family":"O\u2019Herlihy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Laffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiaran","family":"O\u2019Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cormac","family":"Farrelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2338","author":"D Abt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abt D, Hechelhammer L, M\u00fcllhaupt G, Markart S, G\u00fcsewell S, Kessler TM, et al. Comparison of prostatic artery embolisation (PAE) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia: randomised, open label, non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k2338.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.042","volume":"50","author":"J Rassweiler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rassweiler J, Teber D, Kuntz R, Hofmann R. Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)\u2014incidence, management, and prevention. Eur Urol. 2006;50:969\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.042.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.088","volume":"52","author":"M Muntener","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muntener M, Aellig S, Kuettel R, Gehrlach C, Sulser T, Strebel RT. Sexual function after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): results of an independent prospective multicentre assessment of outcome. Eur Urol. 2007;52:510\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.088.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.12.003","volume":"27","author":"NV Costa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costa NV, Pereira J, Fernandes L, Bilhim T, Pisco JM. Prostatic tissue expulsion after prostatic artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;27:601\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.12.003.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-017-1584-6","volume":"40","author":"LC Leite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leite LC, de Assis AM, Moreira AM, Harward SH, Antunes AA, Carnevale FC. Prostatic tissue elimination after prostatic artery embolization (PAE): a report of three cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40:937\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-017-1584-6.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.09.029","volume":"30","author":"L Hechelhammer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hechelhammer L, M\u00fcllhaupt G, Mordasini L, Markart S, G\u00fcsewell S, Betschart P, et al. Predictability and inducibility of detachment of prostatic central gland tissue after prostatic artery embolization: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019;30:217\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.09.029.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2020.0096","volume":"54","author":"AMde Assis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assis AMde, Moreira AM, Carnevale FC, Lanz-Luces JR. Prostatic artery embolization for giant prostatic hyperplasia: a single-center experience. Radiol Bras. 2021;54:219\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2020.0096.","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"key":"774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/20514158211018133","volume":"16","author":"F Maqboul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maqboul F, Umranikar S. Retention by sloughed prostatic tissue: a rare complication after prostate artery embolization. J Clin Urol. 2023;16:668\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20514158211018133.","journal-title":"J Clin Urol"},{"key":"774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2024.11.002","volume":"36","author":"S Bhatia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhatia S, Bhatia A, Richardson AJ, Richardson K, Issa C, Kumar JG, et al. Prostatic artery embolization: mid- to long-term outcomes in 1,075 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2025;36:456\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvir.2024.11.002.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-018-1897-0","volume":"41","author":"J Ghelfi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghelfi J, Poncet D, Sengel C, Charara S, Delouche A, Guillaume B, et al. Prostatic fragment requiring endoscopic management after prostatic artery embolization for indwelling bladder catheter. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41:1295\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-018-1897-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03199-8","volume":"45","author":"T Bilhim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilhim T, Costa NV, Torres D, Pinheiro LC, Spaepen E. Long-term outcome of prostatic artery embolization for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: single-centre retrospective study in 1072 patients over a 10-year period. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2022;45:1324\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-022-03199-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.10.009","volume":"30","author":"T Bilhim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bilhim T. Endovascular resection of the prostate: how much is enough for prostate artery embolization? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019;30:225\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.10.009.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12344","volume":"44","author":"CG McMahon","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMahon CG. Management of ejaculatory dysfunction. Intern Med J. 2014;44:124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.12344.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.06.20","volume":"7","author":"M Gray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gray M, Zillioux J, Khourdaji I, Smith RP. Contemporary management of ejaculatory dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7:686\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tau.2018.06.20.","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-016-1443-x","volume":"39","author":"OM Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves OM, Carnevale FC, Moreira AM, Antunes AA, Rodrigues VC, Srougi M. Comparative study using 100\u2013300 versus 300\u2013500 \u03bcm microspheres for symptomatic patients due to enlarged-BPH prostates. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39:1372\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-016-1443-x.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759701","volume":"39","author":"P Goyal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goyal P, Salem R, Mouli SK. Controversies in prostate artery embolization: future best practice. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2022;39:562\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759701.","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.12865\/CHSJ.49.04.8","volume":"49","author":"RV Teic\u0103","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teic\u0103 RV, Ciofiac CM, Florescu LM, Gheonea I-A. Is the Ellipsoid Formula Reliable in Prostate MRI? Curr Health Sci J. 2023;49:530\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12865\/CHSJ.49.04.8.","journal-title":"Curr Health Sci J"},{"key":"774_CR18","first-page":"10884","volume":"28","author":"BT Helfand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helfand BT, Glaser AP, Kasraeian A, Sterious S, Talaty P, Alcantara M, et al. Men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH undergoing Aquablation with very large prostates (> 150 mL). Can J Urol. 2021;28:10884\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.12.038","volume":"164","author":"LJ Tay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tay LJ, Kulkarni M, Oluwole-Ojo A, Spurling LJ, El-hage O, DiBenedetto E, et al. HoLEPs: A Comparative Study of Men With Massive Prostate Volumes \u2265150 mL and <150 mL. Urology. 2022;164:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2021.12.038.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"774_CR20","unstructured":"Bilhim T, da Motta-Leal-Filho JM. Prostatic artery embolization: technical tips, tricks, and pitfalls. Endovascular Today. 2025."},{"key":"774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14249","volume":"122","author":"AF Ray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ray AF, Powell J, Speakman MJ, Longford NT, DasGupta R, Bryant T, et al. Efficacy and safety of prostate artery embolization for benign prostatic hyperplasia: an observational study and propensity-matched comparison with transurethral resection of the prostate (the UK-ROPE study). BJU Int. 2018;122:270\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.14249.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i23.5525","volume":"11","author":"M Alnazari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alnazari M, Bakhsh A, Rajih ES. Emphysematous sloughed floating ball after prostate water vaporization Rezum: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11:5525\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i23.5525.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759690","volume":"39","author":"A Bhatia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhatia A, Maini A, Bhatia S. Prostatic Artery Embolization: Technical Pearls. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2022;39:555\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759690.","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-015-1202-4","volume":"39","author":"FC Carnevale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carnevale FC, Iscaife A, Yoshinaga EM, Moreira AM, Antunes AA, Srougi M. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) Versus original and PErFecTED prostate artery embolization (PAE) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): preliminary results of a single center, prospective, urodynamic-controlled analysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39:44\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-015-1202-4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.06.010","volume":"88","author":"J-N Cornu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cornu J-N, Baboudjian M, Netsch C, Hashim H, Creta M, Pyrgidis N, et al. Management of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms: better holistic than sequential. Eur Urol. 2025;88:223\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2025.06.010.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001298","volume":"204","author":"JK Parsons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parsons JK, Dahm P, K\u00f6hler TS, Lerner LB, Wilt TJ. Surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: AUA guideline amendment 2020. J Urol. 2020;204:799\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000001298.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3545","volume":"190","author":"F Burbank","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burbank F. Are fibroids that become endocavitary after uterine artery embolization necessarily a complication? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1227\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.07.3545.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13454","author":"SF Al Rawashdah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Rawashdah SF, Pastore AL, Velotti G, Fuschi A, Capone L, Suraci PP, et al. Sexual and functional outcomes of prostate artery embolisation: a prospective long\u2010term follow\u2010up, large cohort study. Int J Clin Pract. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.13454.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-03036-7","volume":"38","author":"G M\u00fcllhaupt","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcllhaupt G, Hechelhammer L, Diener P-A, Engeler DS, G\u00fcsewell S, Schmid H-P, et al. Ejaculatory disorders after prostatic artery embolization: a reassessment of two prospective clinical trials. World J Urol. 2020;38:2595\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-019-03036-7.","journal-title":"World J Urol"}],"container-title":["CVIR Endovascular"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:25:09Z","timestamp":1789806309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42155-026-00774-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2520-8934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2520-8934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with institutional policies. Due to the retrospective nature of this case series, formal ethics committee approval was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Author CF is the co-founder and chief medical officer (CMO) of Lanua Medical. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"122"}}