{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:36:18Z","timestamp":1793831778131,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Industrie-in-Klinik- Plattform Program BMBF","award":["FKZ: 13GW0256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ: 13GW0256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectron Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Blue light activates melanopsin, a photopigment that is expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The axons of ipRGCs converge on the optic disc, which corresponds to the physiological blind spot in the visual field. Thus, a blue light stimulus aligned with the blind spot captures the ipRGCs axons at the optic disc. This study examined the potential changes in choroidal thickness and axial length associated with blue light stimulation of melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs at the blind spot. It was hypothesized that blue light stimulation at the blind spot in adults increases choroidal thickness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The blind spots of both eyes of 10 emmetropes and 10 myopes, with a mean age of 28\u2009\u00b1\u20096 years (SD), were stimulated locally for 1-minute with blue flickering light with a 460\u00a0nm peak wavelength. Measurements of choroidal thickness and axial length were collected from the left eye before stimulation and over a 60-minute poststimulation period. At a similar time of day, choroidal thickness and axial length were measured under sham control condition in all participants, while a subset of 3 emmetropes and 3 myopes were measured after 1-minute of red flickering light stimulation of the blind spot with a peak wavelength of 620\u00a0nm. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to examine the light-induced changes in choroidal thickness and axial length over time and between refractive groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared with sham control (2\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920) and red light (\u22121\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) stimulation, subfoveal choroidal thickness increased within 60\u00a0min after blue light stimulation of the blind spot (7\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920; main effect of light, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Significant choroidal thickening after blue light stimulation occurred in emmetropes (10\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not in myopes (4\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Choroidal thickening after blue light stimulation was greater in the fovea, diminishing in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions. There was no significant main effect of light, or light by refractive error interaction on the axial length after blind spot stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that stimulating melanopsin-expressing axons of ipRGCs at the blind spot with blue light increases choroidal thickness in young adults. This has potential implications for regulating eye growth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:01:35Z","timestamp":1717372895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Increase in choroidal thickness after blue light stimulation of the blind spot in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hosein","family":"Hoseini-Yazdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Bahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Ellrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"146_CR1","unstructured":"Adhikari P, Schilling T, Feigl B, Bahmani H, Zele A, Ellrich J. Regional blue light stimulation of the blind spot gains access to pupillomotor control in the human brainstem. Neuroscience. 2023, Washington D.C., USA. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88459-2","volume":"11","author":"A Amorim-de-Sousa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amorim-de-Sousa A, Schilling T, Fernandes P, Seshadri Y, Bahmani H, Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome JM. Blue light blind-spot stimulation upregulates b-wave and pattern ERG activity in myopes. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9273.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20186","volume":"57","author":"BA Berkowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berkowitz BA, Schmidt T, Podolsky RH, Roberts R. Melanopsin phototransduction contributes to light-evoked choroidal expansion and rod L-type calcium channel function in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(13):5314\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"146_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron MA, Pozdeyev N, Vugler AA, Cooper H, Iuvone PM, Lucas RJ. Light regulation of retinal dopamine that is independent of melanopsin phototransduction. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29(4):761\u2013767.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06631.x"},{"key":"146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.002","volume":"103","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Read SA, Collins MJ. Monocular myopic defocus and daily changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2012;103:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12453","volume":"38","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Ostrin LA, Nickla DL, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT, Stone RA. Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018;38(3):217\u201345.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108866","volume":"214","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Landis EG, Mazade R, Yang V, Strickland R, Hattar S, et al. Melanopsin modulates refractive development and myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2022a;214:108866.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12988","volume":"42","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Baranton K, Spiegel D, Lacan P, Guillon M, Barrau C, et al. Effects of mild- and moderate-intensity illumination on short-term axial length and choroidal thickness changes in young adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022b;42(4):762\u201372.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12218","volume":"35","author":"ST Chiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiang ST, Phillips JR, Backhouse S. Effect of retinal image defocus on the thickness of the human choroid. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2015;35(4):405\u201313.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00356-z","volume":"10","author":"RKM Chun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chun RKM, Zhang H, Liu Z, Tse DYY, Zhou Y, Lam CSY, et al. Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses increase the choroidal thickness: a two-year randomized clinical trial. Eye Vis. 2023;10(1):39.","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"issue":"20","key":"146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19971030)16:20<2349::AID-SIM667>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"16","author":"A Cnaan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cnaan A, Laird NM, Slasor P. Using the general linear mixed model to analyse unbalanced repeated measures and longitudinal data. Stat Med. 1997;16(20):2349\u201380.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00103-X","volume":"13","author":"DM Dacey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dacey DM, Packer OS. Colour coding in the primate retina: diverse cell types and cone-specific circuitry. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003;13(4):421\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734808","volume":"11","author":"A Dearry","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dearry A, Falardeau P, Shores C, Caron MG. D2 dopamine receptors in the human retina: cloning of cDNA and localization of mRNA. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1991;11(5):437\u201353.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65151-5","volume":"10","author":"S Delshad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delshad S, Collins MJ, Read SA, Vincent SJ. The time course of the onset and recovery of axial length changes in response to imposed defocus. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):8322.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00061","volume":"10","author":"G Esquiva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Esquiva G, Avivi A, Hannibal J. Non-image forming light detection by Melanopsin, rhodopsin, and Long-Middlewave (L\/W) Cone Opsin in the Subterranean Blind Mole Rat, Spalax Ehrenbergi: immunohistochemical characterization, distribution, and Connectivity. Front Neuroanat. 2016;10:61.","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"5","key":"146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200404090-00008","volume":"15","author":"J Fahrenkrug","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fahrenkrug J, Nielsen HS, Hannibal J. Expression of melanopsin during development of the rat retina. Neuroreport. 2004;15(5):781\u20134.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","volume":"60","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flitcroft DI, He M, Jonas JB, Jong M, Naidoo K, Ohno-Matsui K, et al. IMI - defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(3):M20\u201330.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"29","key":"146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501866102","volume":"102","author":"Y Fu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fu Y, Zhong H, Wang MH, Luo DG, Liao HW, Maeda H, et al. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells detect light with a vitamin A-based photopigment, melanopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(29):10339\u201344.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7191","key":"146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06829","volume":"453","author":"AD G\u00fcler","year":"2008","unstructured":"G\u00fcler AD, Ecker JL, Lall GS, Haq S, Altimus CM, Liao HW, et al. Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image-forming vision. Nature. 2008;453(7191):102\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24181","volume":"525","author":"J Hannibal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hannibal J, Christiansen AT, Heegaard S, Fahrenkrug J, Kiilgaard JF. Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity. J Comp Neurol. 2017;525(8):1934\u201361.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"5557","key":"146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069609","volume":"295","author":"S Hattar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295(5557):1065\u201370.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12855","volume":"102","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D. Impact of image averaging on wide-field choroidal thickness measurements using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;102(3):320\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12609","volume":"39","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA. Regional alterations in human choroidal thickness in response to short-term monocular hemifield myopic defocus. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2019;39(3):172\u201382.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"8","key":"146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.48","volume":"61","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Vincent SJ, Read SA, Collins MJ. Astigmatic defocus leads to short-term changes in human choroidal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(8):48.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","volume":"62","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Collins MJ. Retinal OFF pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(13):5.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523813000199","volume":"30","author":"HR Joo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joo HR, Peterson BB, Dacey DM, Hattar S, Chen SK. Recurrent axon collaterals of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci. 2013;30(4):175\u201382.","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR28","first-page":"575","volume":"42","author":"CS Kee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kee CS, Marzani D, Wallman J. Differences in time course and visual requirements of ocular responses to lenses and diffusers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(3):575\u201383.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49816-4","volume":"9","author":"J Kugelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kugelman J, Alonso-Caneiro D, Read SA, Hamwood J, Vincent SJ, Chen FK, et al. Automatic choroidal segmentation in OCT images using supervised deep learning methods. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):13298.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13866","volume":"97","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Hu Y, Cui D, Long W, He M, Yang X. Change in subfoveal choroidal thickness secondary to orthokeratology and its cessation: a predictor for the change in axial length. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97(3):e454\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"23","key":"146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm9027","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm9027","volume":"8","author":"AL Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu AL, Liu YF, Wang G, Shao YQ, Yu CX, Yang Z, et al. The role of ipRGCs in ocular growth and myopia development. Sci Adv. 2022;8(23):eabm9027.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"10","key":"146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.40","volume":"61","author":"L Lou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lou L, Ostrin LA. Effects of narrowband light on choroidal thickness and the pupil. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(10):40.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathis U, Feldkaemper M, Liu H, Schaeffel F. Studies on the interactions of retinal dopamine with choroidal thickness in the chicken. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022:409\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05837-w"},{"key":"146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11862","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11862","volume":"5","author":"K Miyamoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyamoto K, Murakami I. Pupillary light reflex to light inside the natural blind spot. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11862.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"146_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005991","volume":"4","author":"LS Mure","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mure LS, Cornut PL, Rieux C, Drouyer E, Denis P, Gronfier C, et al. Melanopsin bistability: a fly\u2019s eye technology in the human retina. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(6):e5991.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6470","key":"146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz0898","volume":"366","author":"LS Mure","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mure LS, Vinberg F, Hanneken A, Panda S. Functional diversity of human intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Science. 2019;366(6470):1251\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.12.22","volume":"61","author":"DO Mutti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutti DO, Mulvihill SP, Orr DJ, Shorter PD, Hartwick ATE. The effect of refractive error on melanopsin-driven pupillary responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(12):22.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24176","volume":"527","author":"S Nasir-Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nasir-Ahmad S, Lee SCS, Martin PR, Gr\u00fcnert U. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in human retina: morphology, distribution, and synaptic connections. J Comp Neurol. 2019;527(1):312\u201327.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00118.2013","volume":"110","author":"GS Newkirk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newkirk GS, Hoon M, Wong RO, Detwiler PB. Inhibitory inputs tune the light response properties of dopaminergic amacrine cells in mouse retina. J Neurophysiol. 2013;110(2):536\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"146_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(2):144\u201368.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.08.021","volume":"91","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Totonelly K, Dhillon B. Dopaminergic agonists that result in ocular growth inhibition also elicit transient increases in choroidal thickness in chicks. Exp Eye Res. 2010;91(5):715\u201320.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.004","volume":"114","author":"TT Norton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norton TT, Siegwart JT Jr. Light levels, refractive development, and myopia-a speculative review. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.4","volume":"64","author":"LA Ostrin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ostrin LA, Harb E, Nickla DL, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Schroedl F, et al. IMI-the dynamic choroid: new insights, challenges, and potential significance for human myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64(6):4.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"27","key":"146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3500-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"CL Prigge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prigge CL, Yeh PT, Liou NF, Lee CC, You SF, Liu LL, et al. M1 ipRGCs influence visual function through retrograde signaling in the retina. J Neurosci. 2016;36(27):7184\u201397.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"146_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457","volume":"51","author":"SA Read","year":"2010","unstructured":"Read SA, Collins MJ, Sander BP. Human optical axial length and defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(12):6262\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12862","volume":"102","author":"SA Read","year":"2018","unstructured":"Read SA, Fuss JA, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Alonso-Caneiro D. Choroidal changes in human myopia: insights from optical coherence tomography imaging. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102(3):270\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26635-7","volume":"8","author":"SA Read","year":"2018","unstructured":"Read SA, Pieterse EC, Alonso-Caneiro D, Bormann R, Hong S, Lo CH, et al. Daily morning light therapy is associated with an increase in choroidal thickness in healthy young adults. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8200.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0997","volume":"45","author":"HA Reitsamer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reitsamer HA, Zawinka C, Branka M. Dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation by d1\/d5 receptor activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(3):900\u20135.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"146_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6","volume":"686","author":"B Rohrer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rohrer B, Iuvone PM, Stell WK. Stimulation of dopaminergic amacrine cells by stroboscopic illumination or fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) injections: possible roles in prevention of form-deprivation myopia in the chick. Brain Res. 1995;686(2):169\u201381.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223015","volume":"22","author":"J Rymer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rymer J, Wildsoet CF. The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review. Vis Neurosci. 2005;22(3):251\u201361.","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25920-9","volume":"8","author":"M Saito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saito M, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama Y, Murakami I. Invisible light inside the natural blind spot alters brightness at a remote location. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7540.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08319-5","volume":"12","author":"T Schilling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schilling T, Amorim-de-Sousa A, N AW, Bahmani H, Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome JM, Fernandes P. Increase in b-wave amplitude after light stimulation of the blind spot is positively correlated with the axial length of myopic individuals. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4785.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"146_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286503","volume":"18","author":"T Schilling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schilling T, Soltanlou M, Nuerk HC, Bahmani H. Blue-light stimulation of the blind-spot constricts the pupil and enhances contrast sensitivity. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(5):e0286503.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.022","volume":"82","author":"TM Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt TM, Alam NM, Chen S, Kofuji P, Li W, Prusky GT, et al. A role for melanopsin in alpha retinal ganglion cells and contrast detection. Neuron. 2014;82(4):781\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"19","key":"146_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00114-4","volume":"37","author":"HN Schwahn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwahn HN, Schaeffel F. Flicker parameters are different for suppression of myopia and hyperopia. Vis Res. 1997;37(19):2661\u201373.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"43","key":"146_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400942111","volume":"111","author":"M Spitschan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spitschan M, Jain S, Brainard DH, Aguirre GK. Opponent melanopsin and S-cone signals in the human pupillary light response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15568\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"146_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.01.001","volume":"114","author":"RA Stone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stone RA, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM, Khurana TS. Pharmacology of myopia and potential role for intrinsic retinal circadian rhythms. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114:35\u201347.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"146_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2021.107974","volume":"192","author":"B Swiatczak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated defocus in monochromatic red light. Vis Res. 2022;192:107974.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"146_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.14","volume":"62","author":"B Swiatczak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(3):14.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"146_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22","volume":"62","author":"S Thakur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakur S, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK. Short-term exposure to blue light shows an inhibitory effect on axial elongation in human eyes independent of defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(15):22.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"146_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.10.012","volume":"76","author":"L Thaler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thaler L, Sch\u00fctz AC, Goodale MA, Gegenfurtner KR. What is the best fixation target? The effect of target shape on stability of fixational eye movements. Vis Res. 2013;76:31\u201342.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"146_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troilo D, Smith EL 3rd, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, et al. IMI - Report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(3):M31\u201388.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967"},{"issue":"4","key":"146_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11434","volume":"54","author":"SJ Vincent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA, Carney LG. Retinal and choroidal thickness in myopic anisometropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(4):2445\u201356.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"146_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000001025","volume":"49","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chen J, Kang J, Niu T, Guo L, Fan L. Axial length control is associated with a choroidal thickness increase in myopic adolescents after orthokeratology. Eye Contact Lens. 2023;49(12):512\u201320.","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"9","key":"146_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C","volume":"35","author":"C Wildsoet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wildsoet C, Wallman J. Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks. Vis Res. 1995;35(9):1175\u201394.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"146_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","volume":"108","author":"P Witkovsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Witkovsky P. Dopamine and retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol. 2004;108(1):17\u201340.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"146_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.180323","volume":"95","author":"EC Woodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodman EC, Read SA, Collins MJ, Hegarty KJ, Priddle SB, Smith JM, et al. Axial elongation following prolonged near work in myopes and emmetropes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(5):652\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"14","key":"146_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.15","volume":"61","author":"L Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye L, Shi Y, Yin Y, Li S, He J, Zhu J, et al. Effects of atropine treatment on choroidal thickness in myopic children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(14):15.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"37","key":"146_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803893105","volume":"105","author":"DQ Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang DQ, Wong KY, Sollars PJ, Berson DM, Pickard GE, McMahon DG. Intraretinal signaling by ganglion cell photoreceptors to dopaminergic amacrine neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(37):14181\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"13","key":"146_CR72","first-page":"3845","volume":"50","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Maminishkis A, Zhi C, Li R, Agarwal R, Miller S, et al. Apomorphine regulates TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b22 expression in human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(13):3845.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Bioelectronic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:04:41Z","timestamp":1717373081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioelecmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42234-024-00146-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-8886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-8886","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval to conduct this study was granted by the Queensland University of Technology Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval number 2000000863). Participants provided informed written consent prior to participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"HHY, SR, and MJC received research funding from Dopavision GmbH. TS, HB, and JE are employees of Dopavision GmbH.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}