{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:45:06Z","timestamp":1787838306926,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectron Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T23:02:27Z","timestamp":1769986947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cognitive neurobehavior and synaptic plasticity after vagus nerve stimulation in female rats: Interaction between estrous cycle and neurostimulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura K.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krysten A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birendra","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria T.","family":"Ethridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Gargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia D.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce G.","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice N.","family":"Hatcher-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg078","volume":"13","author":"MM Adams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adams MM, Morrison JH. Estrogen and the aging hippocampal synapse. Cereb Cortex. 2003;13(12):1271\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhg078.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-020-00074-3","volume":"6","author":"AF Ajayi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ajayi AF, Akhigbe RE. Staging of the estrous cycle and induction of estrus in experimental rodents: an update. Fertil Res Pract. 2020;6:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40738-020-00074-3.","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.11.009","volume":"25","author":"D Aniwattanapong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aniwattanapong D, List JJ, Ramakrishnan N, Bhatti GS, Jorge R. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on attention and working memory in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(3):343\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.11.009.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"196_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa159","volume":"30","author":"TJ Bacon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bacon TJ, Pickering AE, Mellor JR. Noradrenaline release from locus coeruleus terminals in the hippocampus enhances excitation-spike coupling in CA1 pyramidal neurons via \u03b2-adrenoceptors. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30(12):6135\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa159.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"196_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S41017","volume":"6","author":"SM Berry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berry SM, Broglio K, Bunker M, Jayewardene A, Olin B, Rush AJ. A patient-level meta-analysis of studies evaluating vagus nerve stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Med Devices (Auckl). 2013;6:17\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/MDER.S41017.","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"issue":"23","key":"196_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13391","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241507698","volume":"98","author":"R Bi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bi R, Foy MR, Vouimba RM, Thompson RF, Baudry M. Cyclic changes in estradiol regulate synaptic plasticity through the MAP kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(23):13391\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.241507698.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"196_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.09.013","volume":"97","author":"AA Braun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braun AA, Skelton MR, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Comparison of the elevated plus and elevated zero mazes in treated and untreated male Sprague-Dawley rats: effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic agents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011;97(3):406\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.09.013.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"196_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709000200","volume":"12","author":"F Biggio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biggio F, Gorini G, Utzeri C, Olla P, Marrosu F, Mocchetti I, et al. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation induces neuronal plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12:1209\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1461145709000200.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69666-z","volume":"14","author":"AM Carroll","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carroll AM, Pruitt DT, Riley JR, Danaphongse TT, Rennaker RL, Engineer CT, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation during training fails to improve learning in healthy rats. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):18955.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"196_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113372","volume":"234","author":"MC Carvalho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carvalho MC, Genaro K, Leite-Panissi CRA, Lovick TA. Influence of estrous cycle stage on acquisition and expression of fear conditioning in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2021;234:113372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113372.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"196_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2665","volume":"94","author":"S Choi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Choi S, Lovinger DM. Decreased probability of neurotransmitter release underlies striatal long-term depression and postnatal development of corticostriatal synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(6):2665\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2665.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/4600","volume":"2","author":"KB Clark","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clark KB, Naritoku DK, Smith DC, Browning RA, Jensen RA. Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2(1):94\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/4600.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"196_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.026","volume":"163","author":"R Cossio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cossio R, Carreira MB, V\u00e1squez CE, Britton GB. Sex differences and estrous cycle effects on foreground contextual fear conditioning. Physiol Behav. 2016;163:305\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.026.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"196_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80338-4","volume":"18","author":"LE Dobrunz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dobrunz LE, Stevens CF. Heterogeneity of release probability, facilitation, and depletion at central synapses. Neuron. 1997;18(6):995\u20131008.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"196_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104563","volume":"115","author":"EB do Nascimento","year":"2019","unstructured":"do Nascimento EB, Dierschnabel AL, de Mac\u00eado Meiros A, Suchecki D, Silva RH, Ribeiro AM. Memory impairment induced by different types of prolonged stress is dependent on the phase of the estrous cycle in female rats. Horm Behav. 2019;115:104563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104563.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"196_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045","volume":"1179","author":"P Follesa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Follesa P, Biggio F, Gorini G, Caria S, Talani G, Dazzi L, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain. Brain Res. 2007;1179:28\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"196_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X05000165","volume":"1","author":"M Foy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foy M, Baudry M, Thompson R. Estrogen and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuron Glia Biol. 2004;1(4):327\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1740925X05000165.","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"196_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1124708","volume":"15","author":"MR Foy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foy MR, Akopian G, Thompson RF. Progesterone regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in rodent hippocampus. Learn Mem. 2008;15(11):820\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/lm.1124708.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.057","volume":"162","author":"JE Garrett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrett JE, Wellman CL. Chronic stress effects on dendritic morphology in medial prefrontal cortex: sex differences and estrogen dependence. Neuroscience. 2009;162(1):195\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.057.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7494","key":"196_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13028","volume":"508","author":"FL Hitti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hitti FL, Siegelbaum SA. The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory. Nature. 2014;508(7494):88\u201392.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"196_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/ebeh.2001.0219","volume":"2","author":"C Hoppe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoppe C, Helmstaedter C, Scherrmann J, Elger CE. No evidence for cognitive side effects after 6 months of vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2001;2(4):351\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ebeh.2001.0219.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"196_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13313","volume":"25","author":"R Klaming","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klaming R, Simmons AN, Spadoni AD, Lerman I. Effects of noninvasive cervical vagal nerve stimulation on cognitive performance but not brain activation in healthy adults. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(3):424\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13313.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90209-7","volume":"650","author":"LS Leung","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leung LS, Fu XW. Factors affecting paired-pulse facilitation in hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 1994;650(1):75\u201384.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"196_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000387","volume":"16","author":"S Manta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manta S, et al. Electrophysiological and neurochemical effects of long-term vagus nerve stimulation on the rat monoaminergic systems. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(2):459\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"196_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100008854","volume":"35","author":"J McGlone","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGlone J, Valdivia I, Penner M, Williams J, Sadler RM, Clarke DB. Quality of life and memory after vagus nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35(3):287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100008854.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02145-7","volume":"4","author":"LK McIntire","year":"2021","unstructured":"McIntire LK, McKinley RA, Goodyear C, McIntire JP, Brown RD. Cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) improves human cognitive performance under sleep deprivation stress. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-02145-7.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05842-3","volume":"12","author":"A Mertens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mertens A, Gadeyne S, Lescrauwaet E, Carrette E, Meurs A, De Herdt V, et al. The potential of invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to improve verbal memory performance in epilepsy patients. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-05842-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"196_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.001","volume":"15","author":"LK Olsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olsen LK, Moore RJ, Bechmann NA, Ethridge VT, Gargas NM, Cunningham SD, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats. Brain Stimul. 2022;15(5):1101\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.001.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"196_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152064","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152064","volume":"17","author":"LK Olsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olsen LK, Solis E, McIntire LK, Hatcher-Solis CN. Vagus nerve stimulation: mechanisms and factors involved in memory enhancement. Front Hum Neurosci. 2023;17:1152064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152064.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"196_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0818-x","volume":"37","author":"J O\u2019Donnell","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell J, et al. Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance. Neurochem Res. 2012;37(11):2496\u2013512.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01084-3","volume":"286","author":"C Papatheodoropoulos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Papatheodoropoulos C, Kostopoulos G. Dorsal-ventral differentiation of short-term synaptic plasticity in rat CA1 hippocampal region. Neurosci Lett. 2000;286(1):57\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.048","volume":"1119","author":"RW Roosevelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roosevelt RW, et al. Increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine in cortex and hippocampus following vagus nerve stimulation in the rat. Brain Res. 2006;1119(1):124\u201332.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"196_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2407-18.2019","volume":"39","author":"TH Sanders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanders TH, Weiss J, Hogewood L, Chen L, Paton C, McMahan RL, et al. Cognition-enhancing vagus nerve stimulation alters the epigenetic landscape. J Neurosci. 2019;39(18):3454\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2407-18.2019.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"196_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2010.06.016","volume":"75","author":"BR Santmyire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santmyire BR, Venkat V, Beinder E, Baylis C. Impact of the estrus cycle and reduction in estrogen levels with aromatase inhibition, on renal function and nitric oxide activity in female rats. Steroids. 2010;75(12):1011\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2010.06.016.","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 4","key":"196_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.59.6_suppl_4.s15","volume":"59","author":"SC Schachter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schachter SC. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy summary: five years after FDA approval. Neurology. 2002;59(6 Suppl 4):S15-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.59.6_suppl_4.s15.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"37","key":"196_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11641.2003","volume":"23","author":"HE Scharfman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scharfman HE, Mercurio TC, Goodman JH, Wilson MA, MacLusky NJ. Hippocampal excitability increases during the estrous cycle in the rat: a potential role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci. 2003;23(37):11641\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11641.2003.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"196_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-019-0534-4","volume":"20","author":"F Sharifi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharifi F, Reisi P, Malek M. Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 neurons and learning behavior in acute kidney injury, and estradiol replacement in ovariectomized rats. BMC Neurosci. 2019;20(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12868-019-0534-4.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"48","key":"196_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16137","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4161-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"T Smejkalova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smejkalova T, Woolley CS. Estradiol acutely potentiates hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission through a presynaptic mechanism. J Neurosci. 2010;30(48):16137\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4161-10.2010.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"16","key":"196_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.235820","volume":"590","author":"J Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun J, Kapur J. M-type potassium channels modulate Schaffer collateral-CA1 glutamatergic synaptic transmission. J Physiol. 2012;590(16):3953\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.235820.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"196_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02549.1992","volume":"12","author":"CS Woolley","year":"1992","unstructured":"Woolley CS, McEwen BS. Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. J Neurosci. 1992;12(7):2549\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02549.1992.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"196_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547","volume":"64","author":"RS Zucker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zucker RS, Regehr WG. Short-term synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;64:355\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"}],"container-title":["Bioelectronic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T23:02:28Z","timestamp":1769986948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42234-025-00196-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-8886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-8886","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In compliance with all federal regulations governing the protection of animals and research and DoD Instruction 3216.01, the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base IACUC approved this study, and all activities were conducted in an AAALAC International accredited facility.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}