{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:14:32Z","timestamp":1793459672736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cannabis Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effects of cannabis use on male and female reproduction have been the focus of scientific research for decades. Although initial studies raised concerns, more recent studies were reassuring. Considering the recent legalization of recreational use of cannabis in Canada, we sought to analyze IVF outcomes among users and non-users in a single IVF center.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study from a single IVF center assessing IVF outcomes among male-female, non-donor IVF patients that are either cannabis users or non-users. We analyzed the ongoing pregnancy rate as well as oocyte yield, fertilization rate, peak serum estradiol, sperm, and embryo quality. We used the Mann-Whitney test, chi-square test, and Kruskal-Wallis tests where appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, the study included 722 patients of which 68 (9.4%) were cannabis users, most defined as light users. The results of the study show similar implantation rate (40.74% vs. 41.13%) and ongoing pregnancy rate (35.2% vs. 29.1%) between the users and non-users, respectively. No significant difference between users and non-users in any of the other analyzed outcomes could be detected.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results may provide some reassurance for the lack of any demonstrable detrimental effects of cannabis consumption on IVF outcomes. This study was limited by its retrospective nature, self-reporting of cannabis use, and a small user sample size. A larger prospective study is needed to validate its findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T16:02:44Z","timestamp":1631030564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The relationship between cannabis use and IVF outcome\u2014a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Eden","family":"Har-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayala","family":"Heled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Munaf Sultan","family":"Ahamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaakov","family":"Bentov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"99_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det232","volume":"28","author":"AA Amoako","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amoako AA, Marczylo TH, Marczylo EL, Elson J, Willets JM, Taylor AH, et al. Anandamide modulates human sperm motility: implications for men with asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(8):2058\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/det232.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"99_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2021.02.119","volume":"43","author":"H Bayrampour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bayrampour H, Asim A. Cannabis use during the preconception period and pregnancy after legalization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43:740.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"99_CR3","unstructured":"Beyer S, Eggers B, Goldsmith S, Kettl D, Marshall A, Miller G, Renn A, Simami A, Weatherford M. 2019. \u2018State Marijuana Laws in 2019 Map\u2019, e.Republic, Accessed 2020. https:\/\/www.governing.com\/gov-data\/safety-justice\/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"99_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080360416","volume":"36","author":"MC Chang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chang MC, Berkery D, Schuel R, Laychock SG, Zimmerman AM, Zimmerman S, et al. Evidence for a cannabinoid receptor in sea urchin sperm and its role in blockade of the acrosome reaction. Mol Reprod Dev. 1993;36(4):507\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrd.1080360416.","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"issue":"4543","key":"99_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801767","volume":"216","author":"S Dalterio","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dalterio S, Badr F, Bartke A, Mayfield D. Cannabinoids in male mice: effects on fertility and spermatogenesis. Science. 1982;216(4543):315\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.6801767.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.5895","volume":"108","author":"T Gagne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gagne T. Estimation of smoking prevalence in Canada: implications of survey characteristics in the CCHS and CTUMS\/CTADS. Can J Public Health. 2017;108(3):e331\u2013e34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/CJPH.108.5895.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"99_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022543901455","volume":"15","author":"DK Gardner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gardner DK, Schoolcraft WB. Human embryo viability: what determines developmental potential, and can it be assessed? J Assist Reprod Genet. 1998;15(8):455\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022543901455.","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"99_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv135","volume":"182","author":"TD Gundersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gundersen TD, Jorgensen N, Andersson AM, Bang AK, Nordkap L, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Association between use of marijuana and male reproductive hormones and semen quality: a study among 1,215 healthy young men. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(6):473\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwv135.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718200100207","volume":"1","author":"CY Hong","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hong CY, Chaput de Saintonge DM, Turner P, Fairbairn JW. Comparison of the inhibitory action of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and petroleum spirit extract of herbal cannabis on human sperm motility. Hum Toxicol. 1982;1(2):151\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032718200100207.","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"99_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.015","volume":"109","author":"AM Kasman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kasman AM, Thoma ME, McLain AC, Eisenberg ML. Association between use of marijuana and time to pregnancy in men and women: findings from the National Survey of Family Growth. Fertil Steril. 2018;109(5):866\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.015.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10074-z","volume":"21","author":"A Keethakumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keethakumar A, Mehra VM, Khanlou N, Tamim H. Cannabis use and patterns among middle and older aged Canadians prior to legalization: a sex-specific analysis of the Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-10074-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"99_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.07.045","volume":"157","author":"AP Lopez-Cardona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez-Cardona AP, Ibarra-Lecue I, Laguna-Barraza R, Perez-Cerezales S, Uriguen L, Agirregoitia N, et al. Effect of chronic THC administration in the reproductive organs of male mice, spermatozoa and in vitro fertilization. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;157:294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.07.045.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"99_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-00391-8","volume":"18","author":"M Maccarrone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maccarrone M, Rapino C, Francavilla F, Barbonetti A. Cannabinoid signalling and effects of cannabis on the male reproductive system. Nat Rev Urol. 2021;18(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-020-00391-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.369","volume":"17","author":"GG Nahas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nahas GG, Frick HC, Lattimer JK, Latour C, Harvey D. Pharmacokinetics of THC in brain and testis, male gametotoxicity and premature apoptosis of spermatozoa. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(2):103\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.369.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"99_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez098","volume":"34","author":"FL Nassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassan FL, Arvizu M, Minguez-Alarcon L, Gaskins AJ, Williams PL, Petrozza JC, et al. Marijuana smoking and outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod. 2019a;34(9):1818\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dez098.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"99_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez002","volume":"34","author":"FL Nassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassan FL, Arvizu M, Minguez-Alarcon L, Williams PL, Attaman J, Petrozza J, et al. Marijuana smoking and markers of testicular function among men from a fertility centre. Hum Reprod. 2019b;34(4):715\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dez002.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"99_CR17","unstructured":"Porath A, Mccarthy R, Kent P. \u201cCannabis.\u201d In Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. CCSA.CA. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction; 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12585","volume":"7","author":"S Rajanahally","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajanahally S, Raheem O, Rogers M, Brisbane W, Ostrowski K, Lendvay T, et al. The relationship between cannabis and male infertility, sexual health, and neoplasm: a systematic review. Andrology. 2019;7(2):139\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12585.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1287","volume":"90","author":"M Rossato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rossato M, Ion Popa F, Ferigo M, Clari G, Foresta C. Human sperm express cannabinoid receptor Cb1, the activation of which inhibits motility, acrosome reaction, and mitochondrial function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):984\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1287.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"16","key":"99_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7678","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7678","volume":"91","author":"H Schuel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schuel H, Goldstein E, Mechoulam R, Zimmerman AM, Zimmerman S. Anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide), a brain cannabinoid receptor agonist, reduces sperm fertilizing capacity in sea urchins by inhibiting the acrosome reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(16):7678\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7678.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1139\/o87-018","volume":"65","author":"H Schuel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schuel H, Schuel R, Zimmerman AM, Zimmerman S. Cannabinoids reduce fertility of sea urchin sperm. Biochem Cell Biol. 1987;65(2):130\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/o87-018.","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"99_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skelton KR, Hecht AA, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Recreational cannabis legalization in the US and maternal use during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17030909.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030909"},{"issue":"2","key":"99_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7982","volume":"322","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Han B, Compton WM, McCance-Katz EF. Self-reported medical and nonmedical cannabis use among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA. 2019;322(2):167\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.7982.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"99_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0006","volume":"27","author":"H Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang H, Dey SK, Maccarrone M. Jekyll and hyde: two faces of cannabinoid signaling in male and female fertility. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(5):427\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2006-0006.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"99_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.027","volume":"85","author":"LB Whan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whan LB, West MC, McClure N, Lewis SE. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana, on human sperm function in vitro. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(3):653\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.027.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cannabis Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T16:03:33Z","timestamp":1631030613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-021-00099-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2522-5782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5782","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the McMaster University (Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board)\u2014project #5024.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}