{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:28:39Z","timestamp":1780486119798,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"CBD Oracle"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cannabis Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hemp-derived delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (\u2206<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> THC) products are freely available for sale across much of the USA, but the federal legislation allowing their sale places only minimal requirements on companies. Products must contain no more than 0.3% \u2206<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> THC by dry weight, but no limit is placed on overall dosage and there is no requirement that products are tested. However, some states\u2014such as Colorado\u2014specifically prohibit products created by \u201cchemically modifying\u201d a natural hemp component.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty-three \u2206<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> THC products were ordered and submitted to InfiniteCAL laboratory for analysis. The lab analysis considered potency, the presence of impurities, and whether the \u2206<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> THC present was natural or converted from CBD. The presence of age verification, company-conducted testing, and warning labels was also considered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While 96.2% of products were under the legal \u22069 THC limit, 66.0% differed from their stated dosage by more than 10%, and although 84.9% provided a lab report to customers, 71.1% of these did not check for impurities. Additionally, 49% of products converted CBD to THC to achieve their levels, and only 15.1% performed age verification at checkout.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite some positive findings, the results show that hemp \u2206<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> THC companies offer inaccurately labeled products that contain more THC than would be allowed in adult-use states. This raises serious issues around consumer safety, and consent when consuming intoxicating products. Steps to boost accountability for companies must be considered by either the industry or lawmakers if intoxicating hemp products are to remain on the market safely.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-023-00197-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T10:01:43Z","timestamp":1690365703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Potency and safety analysis of hemp delta-9 products: the hemp vs. cannabis demarcation problem"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Swider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Marelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"197_CR1","unstructured":"Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (US)."},{"key":"197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akingbasote J, Szlapinski S, Charrette A, Hilmas C, Guthrie N. Safety of cannabis- and hemp-derived constituents in reproduction and development. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2022. pp.455-487. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780323897730000242 Accessed 17 June 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89773-0.00024-2"},{"key":"197_CR3","unstructured":"Brangham W. Edible Marijuana Rules Tightened in Colorado. PBS NewsHour. 2014."},{"key":"197_CR4","unstructured":"California Department of Cannabis Control: Requirements for Cannabis Goods. 2022."},{"key":"197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casati S, Rota P, Bergamaschi RF, Palmisano E, La Rocca P, Ravelli A, Angeli I, Minoli M, Roda G, Orioli M. Hexahydrocannabinol on the Light Cannabis Market: The Latest \u2018New\u2019 Entry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.\u00a02022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2022.0253 Accessed 17 June 2023.","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0253"},{"key":"197_CR6","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Hemp in Massachusetts: Faqs. 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/guides\/hemp-in-massachusetts-faqs#-is-it-legal-to-manufacture-delta-8-thc-from-hemp?-. Accessed 17 June 2023."},{"key":"197_CR7","unstructured":"CO Department of Public Health and Environment (DPHE): Re: Production and\/or Use of Chemically Modified or Converted Industrial Hemp Cannabinoids. 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260902782752","volume":"21","author":"ZD Cooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooper ZD, Haney M. Actions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis: relation to use, abuse, dependence. 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While they have no financial incentive for any particular result, they are advocates of cannabis and hemp. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}