{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:32:07Z","timestamp":1772166727583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZMVI1-2519DSM203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMVI1-2519DSM203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes NRW","award":["311-8.03.03.02\/071-117164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311-8.03.03.02\/071-117164"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cannabis Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On April 1st, 2024, Germany\u2019s cannabis legalisation bill entered into force. It is unknown what effect the legal changes could have, if any, on the prevalence of cannabis use. Preventive measures of cannabis-related health impacts are best possible if harmful use is recognised and addressed at an early stage. Our aim was to estimate the proportion of people who used cannabis in Germany that discussed their cannabis consumption with their general practitioner (GP), on the initiative of either the GP or the patient, and how these varied according to person characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the German Study on Tobacco Use (DEBRA). This is a repeated ongoing representative cross-sectional household survey on the use of tobacco and alternative nicotine delivery systems in Germany in people aged 14\u00a0years and older. In bi-monthly study waves we asked all respondents who stated that they had consumed cannabis before whether they had ever spoken with their GP about their cannabis use or received advice about it. We estimated the proportion including 95% confidence intervals and assessed possible associations with person characteristics using univariate logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 2,057\u00a0people who have ever used cannabis, 7.0% [95%CI\u2009=\u20095.9; 8.2%] (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009139) reported having spoken to their general practitioner about their cannabis use or having sought advice in this regard. This response was associated with older age (65\u2009+), low educational attainment, low income and frequent cannabis use. Conversation with a GP was also more common among people who had used cannabis in the past year (16.2%; 95%CI\u2009=\u200913.5; 19.6%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Around one in fifteen people who have used cannabis before has ever spoken with his or her GP, or received advice, about his or her cannabis consumption. In people with past-year and especially frequent use, the proportions are highest, ranging between 16 to 26%. The awareness of this topic among GPs needs to be increased. Furthermore, a future re-evaluation of what impact cannabis legalisation will have on the frequency of consultation about cannabis consumption in primary care is necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:11:20Z","timestamp":1759839080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What proportion of people who use cannabis in Germany have spoken with their general practitioner about their consumption? A repeated cross-sectional representative population survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Borchardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Klosterhalfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.001","volume":"49","author":"R Abuhasira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abuhasira R, et al. Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - regulations in Europe and North America. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;49:2\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"329_CR2","unstructured":"Babitsch B, et al. Re-revisiting Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use: a systematic review of studies from 1998\u20132011. Psychosoc Med. 2012;9:Doc11."},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2011.03.059","volume":"59","author":"F Beck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beck F, et al. Increasing trends in screening for addictives behaviors among general practitioners in France. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2011;59(5):285\u201394.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"issue":"9","key":"329_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16519","volume":"119","author":"JP Caulkins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caulkins JP. Changes in self-reported cannabis use in the United States from 1979 to 2022. Addiction. 2024;119(9):1648\u201352.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.984851","volume":"50","author":"H Chabrol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chabrol H, et al. Association between personality disorders traits and problematic cannabis use in adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(5):552\u20136.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2020.10.005","volume":"68","author":"C Cogordan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cogordan C, et al. Dialogue between general practitioner and patient regarding tobacco and alcohol consumption, from the patient\u2019s standpoint. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2020;68(6):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"key":"329_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.07.006","volume":"38","author":"E Cyrus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cyrus E, et al. A review investigating the relationship between cannabis use and adolescent cognitive functioning. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;38:38\u201348.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"329_CR8","unstructured":"Drugs EMCf, et al. Annual report 2011: The state of the drugs problem in Europe: Publications office of the European Union; 2004."},{"key":"329_CR9","unstructured":"Federal Government of Germany. Zwei-S\u00e4ulen-Modell zu Cannabis. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/breg-de\/themen\/tipps-fuer-verbraucher\/cannabis-politik-2183814. Accessed: 31.05.2024."},{"key":"329_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103381","volume":"99","author":"B Fischer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fischer B, et al. Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: a comprehensive evidence and recommendations update. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;99:103381.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"329_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortin F, et al. Barriers and expectations of adolescents regarding the identification and management of their psychoactive substance use by their general practitioner. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013231"},{"key":"329_CR12","unstructured":"Federal Joint Committee of Germany. Richtlinie des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses \u00fcber die Gesundheitsuntersuchungen zur Fr\u00fcherkennung von Krankheiten (Gesundheitsuntersuchungs-Richtlinie) 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.g-ba.de\/downloads\/62-492-2383\/GU-RL_2020-11-20_iK-2021-02-12.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.14809","volume":"7","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gelberg L, et al. Cannabis use reported by patients receiving primary care in a large health system. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(6):e2414809.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"329_CR14","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Health. Cannabis-Gesetz und Krankenhaustransparenz-Gesetz passieren Bundesrat. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/ministerium\/meldungen\/cannabis-und-krankenhaustransparenzgesetz-22-03-24.html#collapse-control-7695. Accessed: 31.05.2024."},{"key":"329_CR15","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Health. Frequently asked questions on the Cannabis Act. Available from: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/en\/themen\/cannabis\/faq-cannabis-act.html. Accessed: 18.06.2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"329_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858","volume":"72","author":"DS Hasin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasin DS, et al. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001\u20132002 and 2012\u20132013. JAMA Psychiat. 2015;72(12):1235\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4328-2","volume":"17","author":"S Kastaun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kastaun S, et al. Study protocol of the German study on tobacco use (DEBRA): a national household survey of smoking behaviour and cessation. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):378.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1024\/0939-5911\/a000574","volume":"65","author":"S Kastaun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kastaun S, et al. \u00c4rztliche Kurzberatung zur Tabakentw\u00f6hnung \u2013 Ergebnisse der DEBRA Studie. SUCHT. 2019;65(1):34\u201341.","journal-title":"SUCHT"},{"issue":"9","key":"329_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064268","volume":"12","author":"S Kastaun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kastaun S, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of hazardous and harmful drinkers receiving general practitioners\u2019 brief advice on and support with alcohol consumption in Germany: results of a population survey. BMJ Open. 2022;12(9):e064268.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"329_CR20","unstructured":"Kotz D, Kastaun, Manthey J, Hoch E, Klosterhalfen S. Cannabis Use in Germany. Deutsches Arzteblatt international. 2024;121(2):52\u20137."},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.06.170062","volume":"30","author":"GT Lapham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lapham GT, et al. Frequency of cannabis use among primary care patients in Washington State. J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30(6):795\u2013805.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2003","volume":"15","author":"C Laporte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laporte C, et al. Cannabis and young users-a brief intervention to reduce their consumption (CANABIC): a cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care. Ann Fam Med. 2017;15(2):131\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.03.012","volume":"36","author":"V Lorenzetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorenzetti V, et al. Adolescent cannabis use, cognition, brain health and educational outcomes: a review of the evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;36:169\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"329_CR24","volume":"42","author":"J Manthey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manthey J, et al. Germany\u2019s cannabis act: a catalyst for European drug policy reform? Lancet Reg Health. 2024;42:100929.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","volume":"42","author":"A Marconi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marconi A, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(5):1262\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.9375","volume":"4","author":"TE Matson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matson TE, et al. Prevalence of medical cannabis use and associated health conditions documented in electronic health records among primary care patients in Washington State. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e219375.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"329_CR27","unstructured":"Nolting HD OR, Zich K. Gesundheitszentren f\u00fcr Deutschland.: Wie ein Neustart in der Prim\u00e4rversorgung gelingen kann. Stuttgart; 2021."},{"key":"329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olderbak S, M\u00f6ckl J, Manthey J, Lee S, Rehm J, Hoch E, Kraus L. Trends and projection in the proportion of (heavy) cannabis use in Germany from 1995 to 2021. Addiction. 2024;119(2):311\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16356"},{"key":"329_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104618","volume":"134","author":"V Pravosud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pravosud V, et al. Cannabis legalization and changes in cannabis and tobacco\/nicotine use and co-use in a national cohort of U.S. adults during 2017\u20132021. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;134:104618.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR30","first-page":"45","volume":"6","author":"F Pr\u00fctz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pr\u00fctz F, et al. Utilisation of outpatient medical services in Germany - Results from GEDA 2019\/2020-EHIS. J Health Monit. 2021;6(3):45\u201365.","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2014.02.002","volume":"41","author":"S Strobbe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strobbe S. Prevention and screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for substance use in primary care. Prim Care. 2014;41(2):185\u2013213.","journal-title":"Prim Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cannabis Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:11:28Z","timestamp":1759839088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00329-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4654892\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2522-5782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5782","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The DEBRA study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf (HHU\u00a05386R) and is registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (registration numbers DRKS00011322, DRKS00017157 and DRKS00028054). Respondents gave informed consent prior to participating in the survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"76"}}