{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:48:00Z","timestamp":1768420080859,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cannabis Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. containing\u2009&lt;\u20090.3% delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is currently defined as hemp. Many different legal products in the United States now contain hemp and are marketed for their cannabinoid effects, as an alternative to tobacco products, or even as an aid for tobacco smoking cessation. The hemp cigarettes analyzed have similar designs to tobacco cigarettes with a filter and filler wrapped in paper.\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , like tobacco (\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), is a hyperaccumulator of metals. Currently, no publications have reported analyses of metals in these cigarette-like products. Hemp and cannabidiol (CBD) products are increasing in popularity. Thus, reporting the metal concentrations from a variety of hemp cigarette brands can help assess the potential for harmful exposures. We analyzed the hemp filler in 14 commercial brands for beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and uranium (U) content.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The hemp cigarette filler metals concentrations are compared to previously published metals levels in tobacco cigarette and little cigar filler. NIST Reference Material (RM) 8210 Hemp Plant was also analyzed to assess and confirm analytical accuracy. Of note, all hemp cigarette filler cadmium concentrations were below our lowest reportable level, and statistically lower than our previously published U.S. tobacco cigarettes and little cigars filler. The other metal concentration ranges were similar to previous tobacco cigarettes and little cigars results, although mean concentrations were statistically different in many cases. Different states have testing requirements with action limits for selected metals concentrations in\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. Several hemp cigarette brands had chromium, nickel, arsenic, and lead concentrations that were above some state action limits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:07:26Z","timestamp":1765354046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of selected metals in the fillers of 14 commercial hemp cigarette brands to commercial tobacco cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Naudia R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Steven","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clifford H.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"330_CR1","unstructured":"Kafka DC. The 2018 Farm Bill\u2019s Hemp Definition and Legal Challenges to State Laws Restricting Certain THC Products. Congressional Research Service; 2025."},{"key":"330_CR2","unstructured":"Congress.gov. H.R.2 - An act to provide for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2023, and for other purposes https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/115th-congress\/house-bill\/2\/text. Accessed November 27, 2024."},{"key":"330_CR3","unstructured":"SUGAR(TM). Peppermint Hemp Cigarettes. https:\/\/sugarcali.com\/products\/peppermint-hemp-cigarettes?variant=40862994006179. Accessed 11 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR4","unstructured":"The Hempshire Group I. 20-Pack Pineapple Squeeze 50\u00a0mg CBD Hemp Smokes. https:\/\/mountainsmokes.com\/20-pack-pineapple-squeeze-50mg-cbd-hemp-smokes\/. Accessed 11 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR5","unstructured":"Plain Jane. Menthol Filtered Hemp Pre-Rolls (Menthol Crush Filters). https:\/\/plainjane.com\/menthol-filtered-hemp-pre-rolls-menthol-crush-filters-\/. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR6","unstructured":"CBD Flower USA. Lucky Leaf Hemp smokes. https:\/\/cbdflowerusa.com\/product\/lucky-leaf-hemp-smokes\/. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR7","unstructured":"Neurogan, CBD CIGARETTES. https:\/\/neurogan.com\/products\/cbd-cigarettes. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR8","unstructured":"Redwood Reserves, Original CBD, Cigarettes. https:\/\/redwoodreserves.com\/products\/cbd-cigarettes-original. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR9","unstructured":"CBD American Shaman. CBD Cigarettes. https:\/\/cbdamericanshaman.com\/cbd-cigarettes. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"key":"330_CR10","unstructured":"Oklahoma Smokes. Pure Hemp CBD Cigarettes (20-Pack). https:\/\/itsoklahomas.com\/products\/pack-of-20. Accessed 12 December 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"330_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0039","volume":"6","author":"AM Ward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ward AM, Ebbert JO. Carbonyl compounds in mainstream smoke of hemp cigarettes. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021;6(4):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"1314","key":"330_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/00103629209368691","volume":"23","author":"PF Bell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bell PF, Mulchi CL, Chaney RL. Microelement concentrations in Maryland air-cured tobacco. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 1992;23(1314):1617\u201328.","journal-title":"Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal"},{"key":"330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(89)90170-X","volume":"56","author":"CA Adamu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Adamu CA, Bell PF, Mulchi C, Chaney R. Residual metal concentrations in soils and leaf accumulations in tobacco a decade following farmland application of municipal sludge. Environ Pollut. 1989;56:113\u201326.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright DD, Clause H, Southwell B, Zierden M. The elemental composition of hemp flower: sources of elemental impurities and implications for consumer product safety. J Test Eval. 2024.","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20230621"},{"key":"330_CR15","unstructured":"Hineman A, Purcell-Joiner R, Astill T, Digestion, testing, and validation of heavy metals in cannabis: app note compendium. In: PerkinElmer Cannabis & Hemp Analytical Solutions App Note Compendium [Internet]. [62\u2009\u2013\u20096]; 2019."},{"key":"330_CR16","unstructured":"CEM. Microwave digestion and trace metals analysis of cannabis and hemp products. Application Note. 2021."},{"key":"330_CR17","unstructured":"Jones C, Nelson J. Multi-Element Analysis of Cannabis and Hemp using ICP-MS. Agilent Application Note. 2019."},{"key":"330_CR18","unstructured":"Kaycha Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Plain Jane. https:\/\/cdn11.bigcommerce.com\/s-3ysrtxulsx\/images\/stencil\/960w\/products\/5808\/6671\/CBD_Trim__86223.1686079997.jpg?c=1. Accessed 5 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR19","unstructured":"Harrens Lab Inc. Mountain Smokes 50\u00a0mg Pineapple. https:\/\/orders.confidentcannabis.com\/report\/public\/pdf\/abe22cfb-01f4-41f0-bd32-88dc8e5df6dc. Accessed November 26, 2024."},{"key":"330_CR20","unstructured":"Kaycha Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Peppermint. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0560\/1286\/5699\/files\/Peppermint_02-20-23_Lab.pdf?v=1626065577. Accessed November 26, 2024."},{"key":"330_CR21","unstructured":"New Bloom Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Hemp Rolls Silver. https:\/\/hemp-rolls.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HR-Silver-7.31.23.pdf. Accessed 04 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR22","unstructured":"Green Scientific Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Shaman Smoke Blend-10,000 lb. https:\/\/www.verifycbd.com\/report\/5946zeeeb. Accessed 5 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR23","unstructured":"Avazyme. Certificate of Analysis. Blaz N 6-30-21. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0029\/1985\/8222\/files\/7-8-21_Blaz_N_Cannabinoid.pdf?v=1647539111. Accessed 5 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR24","unstructured":"ChemHistory. Certificate of Analysis. Redwood Reserves. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0651\/0664\/1148\/files\/Redwood_Smokes_COA_-_2024.pdf?v=1729006254. Accessed November 26, 2024."},{"key":"330_CR25","unstructured":"Bluebonnet Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Sample Hempettes Original. Accessed 5 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR26","unstructured":"Kaycha Labs. Certificate of Analysis. Lucky Leaf Pre Roll. https:\/\/industrialhempfarms.com\/lab-reports\/. Accessed 25 November 2024."},{"key":"330_CR27","unstructured":"Harrens Lab Inc. Chief Stix CBD 60\u00a0mg Hemp Smokes 10ct. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0272\/1965\/6804\/files\/HR20241090425_-_H_H_Harvest_CO_-_Chief_Stix_CBD_60mg_Hemp_Smokes_10ct.pdf?v=1729894332. Accessed November 26, 2024."},{"key":"330_CR28","unstructured":"Infinite Chemical Analysis Lab. Certificate of Analysis. Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Cigarettes, 18 ct. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0618\/6962\/1498\/files\/Full_Spectrum_Hemp_CBD_Cigarettes_18ct_5-30-2023.pdf?v=1686773582. Accessed 5 February 2025."},{"key":"330_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt021","volume":"37","author":"MR Fresquez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fresquez MR, Pappas RS, Watson CH. Establishment of toxic metal reference range in tobacco from US cigarettes. J Anal Toxicol. 2013;37:298\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"330_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv016","volume":"39","author":"RS Pappas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pappas RS, Martone N, Gonzalez-Jimenez N, Fresquez MR, Watson CH. Determination of toxic metals in little cigar tobacco with \u2018triple quad\u2019 ICP-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39:347\u201352.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"330_CR31","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list. Federal register notice 2012-N-0143. April 3, 2012. Contract No.: 64."},{"key":"330_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2001.9287","volume":"177","author":"TM Rice","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rice TM, Clarke RW, Godleski JJ, Al-Mutairi E, Jiang N-F, Hauser R, et al. Differential ability of transition metals to induce pulmonary inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmcol. 2001;177:76\u201353.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmcol"},{"issue":"1","key":"330_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.3060","volume":"66","author":"JG Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim JG, Dixon JB, Chusuei CC, Deng Y. Oxidation of chromium (III) to (VI) by manganese oxides. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2002;66(1):306\u201315.","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"330_CR34","volume-title":"Toxicological report for manganese","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological report for manganese. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Public Health Service; 2012."},{"key":"330_CR35","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology. Reference Material 8210: Hemp Plant. 2024."},{"key":"330_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216380","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/216380","volume":"2012","author":"Z Samczynski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samczynski Z, Dybczynski RS, Polkowska-Motrenko H, Chajduk E, Pyszynska M, Danko B, et al. Two new reference materials based on tobacco leaves: certification for over a dozen of toxic and essential elements. Sci World J. 2012;2012:216380.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"330_CR37","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Protocols for determination of limits of detection and limits of quantitation. 2004;24:9\u201335."},{"key":"330_CR38","volume-title":"Quality asssurance of chemical measurements","author":"JK Taylor","year":"1987","unstructured":"Taylor JK. Quality asssurance of chemical measurements. Boca Raton, LA: Lewis; 1987."},{"key":"330_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber CA, Sallee CEB, Burdette CQ, Kotoski SP, Phillips MM, Wilson WB, et al. Cannabis laboratory quality assurance program: exercise 2 toxic elements final report. NIST IR 8452. National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2022.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8452"},{"key":"330_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110100202","volume":"11","author":"RV Caruso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caruso RV, Connor RJO, Stephens WE, Cummings KM, Fong GT. Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: results from the international tobacco control (ITC) United States survey cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:202\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"330_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142199","volume":"358","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, Wen L, Zhao X, Xing C, Huang R. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can utilize and remediate soil strongly contaminated with Cu, As, Cd, and Pb by phytoattenuation. Chemosphere. 2024;358:142199.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"8","key":"330_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI17930-24","volume":"59","author":"AOM Nash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nash AOM, Joshee N, Sherman S, Lessl JT, Coolong T. Accumulation and histochemical localization of cadmium in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaf and root tissue. HortScience. 2024;59(8):1150\u20137.","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"330_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00431-3","volume":"36","author":"K Kozak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kozak K, Antosiewicz DM. Tobacco as an efficient metal accumulator. Biometals. 2023;36:351\u201370.","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"5","key":"330_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1081\/PLN-120030609","volume":"27","author":"V Angelova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Angelova V, Ivanov K, Ivanova R. Effect of chemical forms of lead, cadmium, and zinc in polluted soils on their uptake by tobacco. J Plant Nutr. 2004;27(5):757\u201373.","journal-title":"J Plant Nutr"},{"key":"330_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1975.00021962006700040010x","volume":"67","author":"WA Coffman Cb, Gentner","year":"1975","unstructured":"Coffman Cb, Gentner WA. Cannabinoid profile and elemental uptake of cannabis sativa L as influenced by soil characteristics. Agron J. 1975;67:491\u20137.","journal-title":"Agron J"},{"key":"330_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafeiraki E, Kasiotis KM, Nisianakis P, Machera K. Macro and trace elements in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivated in Greece: risk assessment of toxic elements. Front Chem. 2021;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.654308"},{"key":"330_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douvris C, Bentil E, Ayensu I, Osei Akoto C, Amponsah IK, Adu J et al. Trace metals in cannabis seized by law enforcement in Ghana and multivariate analysis to distinguish among different cannabis farms. Toxics. 2022;10(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100567"},{"issue":"5","key":"330_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01772.x","volume":"56","author":"MJ Kuras","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuras MJ, Wachowicz MJ. Cannabis profiling based on its elemental composition: is it possible? J Forensic Sci. 2011;56(5):1250\u20135.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"330_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532007000100024","volume":"18","author":"EK Shibuya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shibuya EK, Sarkis JES, Negrini-Neto O, Ometto JPHB. Multivariate classification based on chemical and stable isotopic profiles in sourcing the origin of marijuana samples seized in Brazil. J Brazilian Chem Soc. 2007;18(1):205\u201314.","journal-title":"J Brazilian Chem Soc"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"330_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169709365252","volume":"20","author":"S Landi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Landi S. Mineral nutrition of cannabis sativa L. J Plant Nutr. 1997;20(2\u20133):311\u201326.","journal-title":"J Plant Nutr"},{"key":"330_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120758","volume":"10","author":"V Nava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nava V, Albergamo A, Bartolomeo G, Rando R, Litrenta F, Vecchio GL, et al. Monitoring cannabinoids and the safety of the trace element profile of light cannabis sativa L. from different varieties and geographical origin. Toxics. 2022;10:758.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"21","key":"330_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2012.1894","volume":"7","author":"ZI Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Rasheed MJZ, Nawaz R, Ayub M, Zahoor AF, et al. Toxic and some essential metals in medicinal plants used in herbal medicines: A case study in Pakistan. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;7(21):1389\u201395.","journal-title":"Afr J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"330_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2993-z","volume":"25","author":"N Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar N, Kulsoom M, Shulka V, Kumar D, Priyanka, Kumar S, et al. Profiling of heavy metal and pesticide residues in medicinal plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25:29505\u201310.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"330_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1145-x","volume":"4","author":"A Zerihun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zerihun A, Chandravanshi BS, Debebe A, Mehari B. Levels of the selected metals in leaves of cannabis sativa L cultivated in Ethiopia. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:359.","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"2","key":"330_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.5513\/JCEA01\/20.2.2201","volume":"20","author":"M \u0106a\u0107i\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0106a\u0107i\u0107 M, Per\u010din A, Zgorelec Z, Ivica K. Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L). J Cent Eur Agric. 2019;20(2):700\u201311.","journal-title":"J Cent Eur Agric"},{"key":"330_CR56","unstructured":"Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection. Hemp Manufacturer Testing Standards https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/-\/media\/DCP\/Hemp\/Hemp_Laboratory_Testing.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas RJ. Measuring heavy metal contaminants in cannabis and hemp. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2020.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003004158"},{"key":"330_CR58","unstructured":"New York State Office of Cannabis Management. Required testing of each lot of adult use cannabis and medical cannabis product https:\/\/cannabis.ny.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2025\/05\/ocm-testing-limits-final-5-6-25.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR59","unstructured":"Cannabis Regulatory Agency. Sampling and testing technical guidance for marijuana products https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/cra\/-\/media\/Project\/Websites\/cra\/bulletin\/5Technical\/Sampling_and_Testing-_Technical_Guidance_for_Marijuana_Products_694124_7.pdf. Accessed January 21, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR60","unstructured":"Maryland Cannabis Administration. The Maryland Cannabis Administration\u2019s technical authority for cannabis testing https:\/\/cannabis.maryland.gov\/Documents\/2024_PDF_Files\/ITLs\/AU%20TA%20Rev%205%203.13%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed January 21, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR61","unstructured":"Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Rules of Department of Health and Senior Services Division 100\u2014Division of Cannabis Regulation Chap, 1\u2014Marijuana. https:\/\/health.mo.gov\/safety\/cannabis\/pdf\/final-rules-073023-508.pdf. Accessed January 21, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR62","unstructured":"California Department of Cannabis Control. Medicinal & Adult Use Cannabis Regulations; California Code of Regulations Title 4; Division 19. Department of Cannabis Control https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/04\/dcc_regulations_04012025.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR63","unstructured":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment: Division of Environmental Health and Sustainability. Colorado Hemp Product and Safe Harbor Hemp Product Regulations https:\/\/view.officeapps.live.com\/op\/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.co.us%2FCCR%2FUpload%2FAGORequest%2FAdoptedRules02023-00684.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK. Accessed January 21, 2025."},{"key":"330_CR64","unstructured":"sc labs. Hemp Quality Assurance Testing: Certificate of Analysis. Mavrick Hemp. https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0293\/3941\/8717\/files\/1.pdf?v=1654197147. Accessed 5 February 2025."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cannabis Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:21:16Z","timestamp":1768389676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-025-00330-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2522-5782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2522-5782","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed research not involving human subjects, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Division of Laboratory Sciences).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"11"}}