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Recent evidence demonstrate effects of exogenous factors on cannabinoid and terpene profiles in cannabis, with substantial impact to the macronutrients N,P,K. However, knowledge on effects of most other essential mineral-nutrients, including magnesium (Mg), is lacking. Mg-availability is of potential relevance for the pharmaceutical-profile of cannabis, as it is required for activity of key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of cannabinoids and terpenes, and for the formation of Geranyl-diphosphate (GPP) that involves in the biosynthesis of both specialized secondary-metabolite groups. The present study thus evaluated the hypothesis that Mg-supply affects cannabinoid and terpene biosynthesis in cannabis, in addition to its effect on plant-function, and in relation to induced-changes to the plant-organs ionome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To test the hypothesis, cannabis plants were grown under five Mg levels ranging 2\u2013140 mg L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (ppm), and morpho-physiology analyses, cannabinoid and terpene profiles of inflorescences from two developmental-orders, and ionome-profiling of the plant-organs were conducted. The wide concentration rage studied was aimed to pinpoint the optimal supply concentrations for plant morpho-physiology and secondary-metabolite production, and the deficiency and toxicity concentration thresholds for the reproductive stage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed high sensitivity of cannabinoid and terpene biosynthesis to Mg, thus supporting the hypothesis. Morpho-physiological function, and concentrations of the specialized metabolites were restricted by low Mg-availability of 2\u201320 mg L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and were optimal under the supply treatment of 35 mg L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      Mg. While under over-supply levels of 70\u2013140 mg L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      Mg, which impacted physiological-function and reduced reproductive biomass by 12.5%, secondary-metabolism remained unharmed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Taken together, the results reveal that 35 mg L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      Mg is within the optimal range for excelled yield quantity as well as quality, i.e., high secondary metabolite production, with suppression of cannabinoid and terpene production under lower or higher Mg supply.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-025-00358-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T07:03:32Z","timestamp":1765350212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["From deficiency to toxicity: Magnesium increases cannabinoid and terpene production in cannabis plants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dalit","family":"Morad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirit","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","volume":"7","author":"CM Andre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. 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