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Several pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been found on cannabis, either causing disease in the plant or causing health issues in people who consume the product. The literature on the microbiological safety of cannabis focuses on identifying the species that exist on the plant and the efficacy of sanitation methods currently used in the food industry for the decontamination of cannabis. Specifically, irradiation methods such as gamma irradiation and electron beams have been applied to effectively lower the microbial load on cannabis. However, these irradiation methods face pushbacks due to cost barriers, regulatory issues, and customer disapproval for irradiated products. Innovative gaseous and non-thermal plasma methods are beginning to gain attention because of their preliminary results in effectively decontaminating food products. Indirect non-thermal plasma methods such as ozone and plasma-processed air present new, possibly better, sanitation options for the complex flower structure of cannabis while maintaining its quality. This review discusses the historical importance of cannabis usage and the need to mitigate microbial contamination while considering the current methods used to sanitize cannabis. Finally, we present innovative gaseous and non-thermal plasma methods that are currently being integrated or are under research for cannabis sanitization to improve the safety and future regulatory aspects of cannabis processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-026-00417-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:15:39Z","timestamp":1773296139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sanitation of medical cannabis flowers (Cannabis sativa L., flos): comparing current technologies and non-thermal plasma novelties from safety and quality perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Nestel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claas","family":"Hedtfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Spilker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Ehlbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"417_CR1","unstructured":"Absolute Ozone. 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