{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:32:07Z","timestamp":1772166727566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is well-established that patients with a history of gout are more susceptible to experiencing gastrointestinal bleeding. Gout flare during active gastrointestinal bleeding poses a significant challenge due to the gastrointestinal side effects of anti-inflammatory therapy. This study sought to investigate the risk factors associated with gout flares during episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study involving 94 patients who experienced active gastrointestinal bleeding and had a history of gout. This study was conducted at Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital from January 2019 to October 2022. We collected and recorded demographic information and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the gout flare patients, hyperuricemia and intravenous fat emulsion therapy were more prevalent compared to those who remained stable (81.6% vs. 57.8% and 46.9% vs. 24.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both hyperuricemia (odds ratio 2.741, 95% CI 1.014\u20137.413,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) and intravenous fat emulsion therapy (odds ratio 2.645, 95% CI 1.046\u20136.686,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040) were independent predictors of gout flares. Furthermore, gout attacks occurred sooner in patients receiving intravenous fat emulsion therapy compared to those not receiving it (median: 4\u00a0days (interquartile range: 2) vs. median: 5\u00a0days (interquartile range: 2.25),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study revealed a high incidence of gout flares during episodes of active gastrointestinal bleeding, with patients undergoing intravenous fat emulsion therapy and those with hyperuricemia being at increased risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-024-00376-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T04:01:49Z","timestamp":1714708909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperuricemia and intravenous fat emulsion are risk factors for gout flares during active gastrointestinal bleeding: a case control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingtian","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7408-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"376_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762820","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/762820","volume":"2015","author":"R Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu R, Han C, Wu D, et al. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in Mainland China from 2000 to 2014: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2015 Nov;2015:762820.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/762820.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"376_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","volume":"71","author":"M Chen-Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, et al. Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007\u20132016. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Jun;71(6):991\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.40807.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"376_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.125","volume":"11","author":"E Pascual","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pascual E, Addadi L, Andres M, et al. Mechanisms of crystal formation in gout-a structural approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Dec;11(12):725\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.125.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"376_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1159\/000235626","volume":"28","author":"YH Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin YH, Hsu HL, Huang YC, et al. Gouty arthritis in acute cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):391\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000235626.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"376_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.06.026","volume":"126","author":"M Dubreuil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubreuil M, Neogi T, Chen CA, et al. Increased risk of recurrent gout attacks with hospitalization. Am J Med. 2013 Dec;126(12):1138\u20131141.e1131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.06.026.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"376_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216277","volume":"79","author":"K Jatuworapruk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jatuworapruk K, Grainger R, Dalbeth N, et al. Development of a prediction model for inpatient gout flares in people with comorbid gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Mar;79(3):418\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216277.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"376_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.078683","volume":"67","author":"EH Kang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kang EH, Lee EY, Lee YJ, et al. Clinical features and risk factors of postsurgical gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Sep;67(9):1271\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2007.078683.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"376_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/rhu.0000000000001138","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuo Y, Cai X, Hou Z, et al. Postoperative recurrent gout flares: a cross-sectional study from China. J Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;26(5):197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/rhu.0000000000001138.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"376_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171320","volume":"45","author":"N Zleik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zleik N, Elfishawi MM, Kvrgic Z, et al. Hospitalization increases the risk of acute arthritic flares in gout: a population-based study over 2 decades. 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(No. [2022]366) and informed consent was not applicable to this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"37"}}