{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:11:05Z","timestamp":1781104265040,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades,Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n. M\u00e9xico.","award":["grant: CF-2023-G-1190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant: CF-2023-G-1190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fibromyalgia is a stress-related disorder in which dorsal root ganglia (DRG) may play an important pathogenic role. DRG exhibit unique stress-induced, pro-algesic physio-anatomy, where each pain-sensing nerve fiber soma is encased and interacts with immune-competent satellite glial cells (SGCs). Patients suffering from fibromyalgia harbor anti-SGCs antibodies; however, the specific SGCs antigen(s) remain unidentified. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament protein serving as early SGCs activation marker. Different environmental stressors induce GFAP upregulation and structural modifications, including citrullination, potentially rendering it immunogenic. GFAP antibodies are implicated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We determine whether the serum of patients with fibromyalgia, collected before the COVID-19 pandemic, overexpresses GFAP and\/or harbors antibodies against GFAP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 47 women with fibromyalgia and 31 healthy women. For GFAP antibody detection, a sensitive ELISA was developed using recombinant human GFAP. A commercial human GFAP ELISA Kit was used to measure GFAP serum levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significantly higher serum GFAP antibody optical density (OD) was detected in patients with fibromyalgia (median 0.04, 0.02\u20130.10 vs. 0.02, 0.01\u20130.05;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025). When the control group 99th percentile value (0.127 OD) was used as positive threshold, 9\/47 (19%) patients tested positive for anti-GFAP antibodies. Patients with fibromyalgia showed numerically higher GFAP serum levels: (244.0 pg\/ml\u2009\u00b1\u200982.5 SD versus 211.4\u2009\u00b1\u200965.2.\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.057).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this proof-of-concept study, patients suffering from fibromyalgia exhibit higher serum anti-GFAP antibodies and numerically augmented circulating GFAP levels. Future mechanistic studies will define GFAP role in the pathogenesis of FM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-026-00552-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:24:15Z","timestamp":1780590255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glial fibrillary acidic protein in fibromyalgia: its serum levels and antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Mass\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-Aline","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Amezcua-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Almanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2349-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lav\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-23","volume":"13","author":"G Vargas-Alarcon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vargas-Alarcon G, Alvarez-Leon E, Fragoso JM, Vargas A, Martinez A, Vallejo M, Martinez-Lavin M. A SCN9A gene-encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:23.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2146","volume":"9","author":"M Martinez-Lavin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinez-Lavin M. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Stress, the stress response system, and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9:216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar2146.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"552_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05528-z","volume":"40","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Lav\u00edn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Lav\u00edn M. Dorsal root ganglia: fibromyalgia pain factory? Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40:783\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"552_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002758","volume":"164","author":"A Schulte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, Blum R. Aue A Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury: no neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity. Pain. 2023;164:728\u201340.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144201","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144201","volume":"131","author":"A Goebel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goebel A, Krock E, Gentry C, et al. Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e144201.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krock E, Morado-Urbina CE, Menezes J, et al. Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms. Pain. 2023;164:1828\u201340.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002881"},{"key":"552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messing A, Brenner M. GFAP at 50. ASN Neuro. 2020;12:1759091420949680.","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091420949680"},{"key":"552_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji RR, Berta T, Nedergaard M. Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy? Pain. 2013;154 Suppl 1(0 1):S10\u2013S28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.022"},{"key":"552_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02802","volume":"9","author":"F Shan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shan F, Long Y, Qiu W. Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy: A Review of the Literature. 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Pain. 2009;143:114\u201322.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06743-0","volume":"42","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Lav\u00edn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Lav\u00edn M, Miguel-\u00c1lvarez A. Hypothetical framework for post-COVID 19 condition based on a fibromyalgia pathogenetic model. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42:3167\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seefried S, Barcic A, Grijalva Yepez MF. et al. Antibodies in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. 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Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed a written informed consent form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}