{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T11:34:17Z","timestamp":1750073657470,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is considered to be an important risk factor for the development of ischemic stroke and requires complete etiopathogenic evaluation and prompt initiation of secondary prevention treatment. In addition, an accurate differential diagnosis should be performed in order to exclude other disorders mimicking TIA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this case report, we describe the clinical and neuroimaging evaluation and the differential diagnosis of a patient with suspected crescendo TIAs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 79-year-old man presented with recurrent episodes of right-sided numbness over the past 7\u2009months, despite different single and dual antiplatelet therapies that were sequentially prescribed for suspected TIAs. Brain MRI revealed cortical superficial siderosis, symmetrical periventricular leukoencephalopathy and enlarged perivascular spaces. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was considered in the differential diagnosis of the patient. Antiplatelet withdrawal was recommended and led to complete remission of the patient\u2019s transient focal neurological episodes (TFNE) that were initially misdiagnosed as TIAs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cortical superficial siderosis has been implicated as a key neuroimaging feature of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a diagnosis which can be supported by the additional radiological findings of symmetrical white matter hyperintensities and enlarged perivascular spaces. Antiplatelet treatment in patients with cortical superficial siderosis may increase the frequency and severity of TFNE, while it increases exponentially the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. The present case highlights that recognition of cortical superficial siderosis is crucial in the management of patients presenting with transient focal neurological symptoms that can be misdiagnosed as recurrent TIAs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T23:04:29Z","timestamp":1617231869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stopping \u201ctransient ischemic attacks\u201d by antiplatelet withdrawal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Palaiodimou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Theodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Lachanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"Paraskevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Papathanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Zompola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos I.","family":"Voumvourakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsivgoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"117_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303-x","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.01.013","volume":"21","author":"AG Sorensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sorensen, A. G., & Ay, H. (2011). Transient ischemic attack: Definition, diagnosis, and risk stratification. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 21(2), 303-x. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2011.01.013.","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"1","key":"117_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000424","volume":"23","author":"SB Coutts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coutts, S. B. (2017). Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack. Continuum (Minneap Minn)., 23(1), 82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CON.0000000000000424.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)."},{"issue":"1","key":"117_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000782","volume":"14","author":"V Nadarajan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nadarajan, V., Perry, R. J., Johnson, J., & Werring, D. J. (2014). Transient ischaemic attacks: Mimics and chameleons. Practical Neurology, 14(1), 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000782.","journal-title":"Practical Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"117_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016990","volume":"49","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenberg, S. M., & Charidimou, A. (2018). Diagnosis of cerebral amyloid Angiopathy: Evolution of the Boston criteria. Stroke., 49(2), 491\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016990.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"7","key":"117_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx047","volume":"140","author":"A Charidimou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Charidimou, A., Boulouis, G., Gurol, M. E., Ayata, C., Bacskai, B. J., Frosch, M. P., \u2026 Greenberg, S. M. (2017). Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain., 140(7), 1829\u20131850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx047.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"10","key":"117_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.43.10.2073","volume":"43","author":"SM Greenberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greenberg, S. M., Vonsattel, J. P., Stakes, J. W., et al. (1993). The clinical spectrum of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Presentations without lobar hemorrhage. Neurology., 43(10), 2073\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.43.10.2073.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"9","key":"117_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.657759","volume":"43","author":"A Charidimou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charidimou, A., Peeters, A., Fox, Z., Gregoire, S. M., Vandermeeren, Y., Laloux, P., \u2026 Werring, D. J. (2012). Spectrum of transient focal neurological episodes in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Multicentre magnetic resonance imaging cohort study and meta-analysis. Stroke., 43(9), 2324\u20132330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.657759.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"117_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv162","volume":"138","author":"A Charidimou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charidimou, A., Linn, J., Vernooij, M. W., Opherk, C., Akoudad, S., Baron, J. C., \u2026 Werring, D. J. (2015). Cortical superficial siderosis: Detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions. Brain., 138(Pt 8), 2126\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awv162 Epub 2015 Jun 26. PMID: 26115675.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"117_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116452","volume":"406","author":"M Vales-Montero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vales-Montero, M., Garc\u00eda-Pastor, A., Iglesias-Mohedano, A. M., Esteban-de Antonio, E., Salgado-C\u00e1mara, P., Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez, J. M., \u2026 Gil-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, A. (2019). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related transient focal neurological episodes: A transient ischemic attack mimic with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 406, 116452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116452.","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Neurological Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1617231975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42466-021-00117-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-3489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2524-3489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The participant has given informed consent to the submission of the case report to the journal.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Palaiodimou - reports no disclosures.Dr. Theodorou - reports no disclosures.Dr. Lachanis \u2013 reports no disclosures.Dr. Paraskevas \u2013 reports no disclosures.Dr. Papathanasiou - reports no disclosures.Dr. Zompola - reports no disclosures.Dr. Voumvourakis \u2013 reports no disclosures.Dr. Tsivgoulis - reports no disclosures.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}