{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:57:42Z","timestamp":1785250662307,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431549029 (SFB 1451)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431549029 (SFB 1451)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Res. Pract."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Apraxia is a motor-cognitive disorder that primary sensorimotor deficits cannot solely explain. Previous research in stroke patients has focused on damage to the fronto-parietal praxis networks in the left hemisphere (LH) as the cause of apraxic deficits. In contrast, the potential role of the (left) primary motor cortex (M1) has largely been neglected. However, recent brain stimulation and lesion-mapping studies suggest an involvement of left M1 in motor cognitive processes\u2014over and above its role in motor execution. Therefore, this study explored whether the left M1 plays a specific role in apraxia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified 157 right-handed patients with first-ever unilateral LH stroke in the sub-acute phase (&lt;\u200990\u00a0days post-stroke), for whom apraxia assessments performed with the ipsilesional left hand and lesion maps were available. Utilizing the maximum probability map of Brodmann area 4 (representing M1) provided by the JuBrain Anatomy Toolbox in SPM, patients were subdivided into two groups depending on whether their lesions involved (n\u2009=\u200940) or spared (n\u2009=\u2009117) left M1. We applied a mixed model ANCOVA with repeated measures to compare apraxic deficits between the two patient groups, considering the factors \u201cbody part\u201d and \u201cgesture meaning\u201d. Furthermore, we explored potential differential effects of the anterior (4a) and posterior (4p) parts of Brodmann area 4 by correlation analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with and without M1 involvement did not differ in age and time post-stroke but in lesion size. When controlling for lesion size, the total apraxia scores did not differ significantly between groups. However, the mixed model ANCOVA showed that LH stroke patients with lesions involving left M1 performed differentially worse when imitating meaningless finger gestures. This effect was primarily driven by lesions affecting Brodmann area 4p.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Even though many current definitions of apraxia disregard a relevant role of (left) M1, the observed differential effect of M1 lesions, specifically involving subarea 4p, on the imitation of meaningless finger gestures in the current sample of LH stroke patients suggests a specific role of left M1 in imitation when high amounts of (motor) attention and sensorimotor integration are required.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T23:02:05Z","timestamp":1736377325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of the left primary motor cortex in apraxia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksenia","family":"Perlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia C.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gereon R.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315804545","volume-title":"Apraxia: The NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF ACTION","author":"LJG Rothi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rothi, L. J. G., & Heilman, K. M. (1997). Apraxia: The NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF ACTION. Psychology Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315804545"},{"key":"359_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-819641-0.00143-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience","author":"CC Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt, C. C., & Weiss, P. H. (2022). The cognitive neuroscience of apraxia. In S. Della Sala (Ed.), Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience (Vol. 2, pp. 668\u2013677). London: Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-819641-0.00143-2"},{"key":"359_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1159\/000203164","volume":"34","author":"H Liepmann","year":"1913","unstructured":"Liepmann, H. (1913). Motorische Aphasie und Apraxie. Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 34, 485\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000203164","journal-title":"Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie"},{"key":"359_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.016","volume":"57","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G. (2014). Apraxia\u2014The cognitive side of motor control. Cortex, 57, 270\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"359_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00353","author":"MMN Bie\u0144kiewicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bie\u0144kiewicz, M. M. N., Brandi, M. L., Goldenberg, G., Hughes, C. M. L., & Hermsd\u00f6rfer, J. (2014). The tool in the brain: apraxia in ADL. Behavioral and neurological correlates of apraxia in daily living. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00353","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"359_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64004-7","volume":"164","author":"B Petreska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petreska, B., Adriani, M., Blanke, O., & Billard, A. G. (2007). Apraxia: A review. Progress in Brain Research, 164, 61\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64004-7","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"359_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.11.004","volume":"146","author":"CC Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt, C. C., Achilles, E. I. S., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2022). Distinct cognitive components and their neural substrates underlying praxis and language deficits following left hemisphere stroke. Cortex, 146, 200\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.11.004","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"359_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.036","volume":"161","author":"EIS Achilles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Achilles, E. I. S., Weiss, P. H., Fink, G. R., Binder, E., Price, C. J., & Hope, T. M. H. (2017). Using multi-level Bayesian lesion-symptom mapping to probe the body-part-specificity of gesture imitation skills. NeuroImage, 161(8), 94\u2013103.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"359_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101915","author":"EIS Achilles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Achilles, E. I. S., Ballweg, C. S., Niessen, E., Kusch, M., Ant, J. M., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2019). Neural correlates of differential finger gesture imitation deficits in left hemisphere stroke. NeuroImage: Clinical. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101915","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"359_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.02.008","volume":"90","author":"E Binder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Binder, E., Dovern, A., Hesse, M. D., Ebke, M., Karbe, H., Saliger, J., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2017). Lesion evidence for a human mirror neuron system. Cortex, 90, 125\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.02.008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"359_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu111","volume":"137","author":"LJ Buxbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buxbaum, L. J., Shapiro, A. D., & Coslett, H. B. (2014). Critical brain regions for tool-related and imitative actions: A componential analysis. Brain, 137(7), 1971\u20131985.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"23","key":"359_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0638-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G., & Karnath, H. O. (2006). The neural basis of imitation is body part specific. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 26(23), 6282\u20136287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0638-06.2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"359_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"S Nobusako","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nobusako, S., Ishibashi, R., Takamura, Y., Oda, E., Tanigashira, Y., Kouno, M., Tominaga, T., Ishibashi, Y., Okuno, H., & Nobusako, K. (2018). Distortion of visuo-motor temporal integration in apraxia: Evidence from delayed visual feedback detection tasks and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Frontiers in Neurology, 9(8), 1\u201323.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"359_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.038","volume":"53","author":"J Randerath","year":"2010","unstructured":"Randerath, J., Goldenberg, G., Spijkers, W., Li, Y., & Hermsd\u00f6rfer, J. (2010). Different left brain regions are essential for grasping a tool compared with its subsequent use. NeuroImage, 53(1), 171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.038","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"359_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108027","volume":"162","author":"M Scandola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scandola, M., Gobbetto, V., Bertagnoli, S., Bulgarelli, C., Canzano, L., Aglioti, S. M., & Moro, V. (2021). Gesture errors in left and right hemisphere damaged patients: A behavioural and anatomical study. Neuropsychologia, 162(3), 108027.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"359_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.10.002","volume":"146","author":"SEM Stoll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stoll, S. E. M., Finkel, L., Buchmann, I., Hassa, T., Spiteri, S., Liepert, J., & Randerath, J. (2022). 100 years after Liepmann-Lesion correlates of diminished selection and application of familiar versus novel tools. Cortex, 146, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.10.002","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"359_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.01.007","volume":"65","author":"CE Watson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watson, C. E., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2015). A distributed network critical for selecting among tool-directed actions. Cortex, 65, 65\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.01.007","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"359_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0925-3","volume":"221","author":"PH Weiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weiss, P. H., Ubben, S. D., Kaesberg, S., Kalbe, E., Kessler, J., Liebig, T., & Fink, G. R. (2016). Where language meets meaningful action: A combined behavior and lesion analysis of aphasia and apraxia. Brain Structure & Function, 221(1), 563\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-014-0925-3","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"issue":"6594","key":"359_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/382805A0","volume":"382","author":"S Geyer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Geyer, S., Ledberg, A., Schleicher, A., Kinomura, S., Schormann, T., Burgel, U., Klingberg, T., Larsson, J., Zilles, K., & Roland, P. E. (1996). Two different areas within the primary motor cortex of man. Nature, 382(6594), 805\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/382805A0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"359_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.514","volume":"88","author":"F Binkofski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Geyer, S., Buccino, G., Gruber, O., Shah, N. J., Taylor, J. G., Seitz, R. J., Zilles, K., & Freund, H. J. (2002). Neural activity in human primary motor cortex areas 4a and 4p is modulated differentially by attention to action. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(1), 514\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.514","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"359_CR21","volume-title":"Das K\u00f6lner Apraxie-Screening (KAS)","author":"PH Weiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiss, P. H., Kalbe, E., Scherer, A., Binder, E., Kessler, J., & Fink, G. R. (2013). Das K\u00f6lner Apraxie-Screening (KAS). Hogrefe."},{"issue":"2","key":"359_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.176","volume":"61","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G. (1996). Defective imitation of gestures in patients with damage in the left or right hemispheres. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 61(2), 176\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.176","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"359_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490918273","volume":"27","author":"E Kalbe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalbe, E., Reinhold, N., Brand, M., Markowitsch, H. J., & Kessler, J. (2005). A new test battery to assess aphasic disturbances and associated cognitive dysfunctions\u2014German normative data on the aphasia check list. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 779\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918273","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"359_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"359_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-019-0042-0","volume":"1","author":"JM Ant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ant, J. M., Niessen, E., Achilles, E. I. S., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Weiss, P. H., & Fink, G. R. (2019). Anodal tDCS over left parietal cortex expedites recovery from stroke-induced apraxic imitation deficits: A pilot study. Neurological Research and Practice, 1, 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42466-019-0042-0","journal-title":"Neurological Research and Practice"},{"key":"359_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107150","author":"HS Dafsari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dafsari, H. S., Dovern, A., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2019). Deficient body structural description contributes to apraxic end-position errors in imitation. Neuropsychologia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107150","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"359_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00890","volume":"28","author":"A Dovern","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dovern, A., Fink, G. R., Timpert, D. C., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Weiss, P. H., & Koch, I. (2016). Timing matters? Learning of complex spatiotemporal sequences in left-hemisphere stroke patients. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(2), 223\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00890","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"359_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000451","volume":"32","author":"M Kusch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kusch, M., Gillessen, S., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Binder, E., Fink, G. R., Vossel, S., & Weiss, P. H. (2018). Reduced awareness for apraxic deficits in left hemisphere stroke. Neuropsychology, 32(4), 509\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000451","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"359_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3233\/rnn-180815","volume":"36","author":"M Kusch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kusch, M., Schmidt, C. C., Goden, L., Tscherpel, C., Stahl, J., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2018). Recovery from apraxic deficits and its neural correlate. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 36(6), 669\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/rnn-180815","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"359_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198112000-00001","volume":"4","author":"RC Lyle","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lyle, R. C. (1981). A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 4(4), 483\u2013492.","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"key":"359_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25493\/46HK-XMM","author":"K Amunts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amunts, K., Mohlberg, H., Bludau, S., Caspers, S., Brandstretter, A., Eickhoff, S. B., Pieperhoff, P., & Dickscheid, T. (2021). Julich-Brain Atlas-whole-brain collections of cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps (v2.9). EBRAINS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25493\/46HK-XMM","journal-title":"EBRAINS"},{"key":"359_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.022","volume":"82","author":"EIS Achilles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Achilles, E. I. S., Fink, G. R., Fischer, M. H., Dovern, A., Held, A., Timpert, D. C., Schroeter, C., Schuetz, K., Kloetzsch, C., & Weiss, P. H. (2016). Effect of meaning on apraxic finger imitation deficits. Neuropsychologia, 82, 74\u201383.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"359_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm145","volume":"130","author":"SY Schaefer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schaefer, S. Y., Haaland, K. Y., & Sainburg, R. L. (2007). Ipsilesional motor deficits following stroke reflect hemispheric specializations for movement control. Brain, 130(8), 2146\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm145","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"359_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368052","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1368052","volume":"16","author":"V Wunderle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wunderle, V., Kuzu, T. D., Tscherpel, C., Fink, G. R., Grefkes, C., & Weiss, P. H. (2024). Age- and sex-related changes in motor functions: A comprehensive assessment and component analysis. Frontiers Aging Neuroscience, 16, 1368052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1368052","journal-title":"Frontiers Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"359_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2000.1226","volume":"44","author":"R Cubelli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cubelli, R., Marchetti, C., Boscolo, G., & Della Sala, S. (2000). Cognition in action: Testing a model of limb apraxia. Brain and Cognition, 44(2), 144\u2013165.","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"359_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103331","volume":"37","author":"NN Kleineberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kleineberg, N. N., Schmidt, C. C., Richter, M. K., Bolte, K., Schloss, N., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2023). Gesture meaning modulates the neural correlates of effector-specific imitation deficits in left hemisphere stroke. NeuroImage: Clinical, 37, 103331.","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"3","key":"359_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0956-x","volume":"142","author":"RI Rumiati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rumiati, R. I., & Tessari, A. (2002). Imitation of novel and well-known actions: The role of short-term memory. Experimental Brain Research, 142(3), 425\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-001-0956-x","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"359_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm003","volume":"130","author":"A Tessari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tessari, A., Canessa, N., Ukmar, M., & Rumiati, R. I. (2007). Neuropsychological evidence for a strategic control of multiple routes in imitation. Brain, 130, 1111\u20131126.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"359_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107720","volume":"151","author":"A Tessari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tessari, A., Mengotti, P., Faccioli, L., Tuozzi, G., Boscarato, S., Taricco, M., & Rumiati, R. I. (2021). Effect of body-part specificity and meaning in gesture imitation in left hemisphere stroke patients. Neuropsychologia, 151, 107720.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"359_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.05.017","volume":"131","author":"KM Heilman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heilman, K. M. (2020). Hugo Liepmann, Parkinson\u2019s disease and upper limb apraxia. Cortex, 131, 79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.05.017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"359_CR41","first-page":"516","volume-title":"Ergebnisse der gesamten Medizin","author":"H Liepmann","year":"1920","unstructured":"Liepmann, H. (1920). Apraxie. In H. Brugsch (Ed.), Ergebnisse der gesamten Medizin (pp. 516\u2013543). Wien Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg."},{"key":"359_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0000307-008","volume-title":"APA handbook of neuropsychology: Neurobehavioral disorders and conditions: Accepted science and open questions","author":"J Randerath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Randerath, J. (2023). Syndromes of limb apraxia: Developmental and acquired disorders of skilled movements. In G. G. Brown, T. Z. King, K. Y. Haaland, & B. Crosson (Eds.), APA handbook of neuropsychology: Neurobehavioral disorders and conditions: Accepted science and open questions (pp. 159\u2013184). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000307-008"},{"issue":"5","key":"359_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.574","volume":"73","author":"B Hanna-Pladdy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hanna-Pladdy, B., Mendoza, J. E., Apostolos, G. T., & Heilman, K. M. (2002). Lateralised motor control: Hemispheric damage and the loss of deftness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 73(5), 574\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.574","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"359_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.55.4.523","volume":"55","author":"KM Heilman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heilman, K. M., Meador, K. J., & Loring, D. W. (2000). Hemispheric asymmetries of limb-kinetic apraxia: A loss of deftness. Neurology, 55(4), 523\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.55.4.523","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7960","key":"359_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05964-2","volume":"617","author":"EM Gordon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gordon, E. M., Chauvin, R. J., Dosenbach, N. U. F., et al. (2023). A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex. Nature, 617(7960), 351\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-05964-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"359_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05551.x","volume":"25","author":"DA Nowak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nowak, D. A., Grefkes, C., Dafotakis, M., K\u00fcst, J., Karbe, H., & Fink, G. R. (2007). Dexterity is impaired at both hands following unilateral subcortical middle cerebral artery stroke. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3173\u20133184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05551.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"13","key":"359_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.024","volume":"47","author":"G Goldenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldenberg, G., M\u00fcnsinger, U., & Karnath, H. O. (2009). Severity of neglect predicts accuracy of imitation in patients with right hemisphere lesions. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2948\u20132952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"359_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1082-6501","volume":"88","author":"S Latarnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latarnik, S., Wirth, K., Held, A., Kalbe, E., Kessler, J., Saliger, J., Karbe, H., Fink, G. R., & Weiss, P. H. (2020). Prevalence and characteristics of apraxic deficits after left and right hemisphere stroke. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 88(4), 232\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1082-6501","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie"},{"key":"359_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.07.017","volume":"132","author":"A Dressing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dressing, A., Martin, M., Beume, L. A., Kuemmerer, D., Urbach, H., Kaller, C. P., Weiller, C., & Rijntjes, M. (2020). The correlation between apraxia and neglect in the right hemisphere: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study in 138 acute stroke patients. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 132, 166\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.07.017","journal-title":"Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"}],"container-title":["Neurological Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:03:02Z","timestamp":1736380982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42466-024-00359-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-3489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-3489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The local ethics committee (University of Cologne) approved this single-center, retrospective study, which was carried out under the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Gereon R. Fink is a section editor and Peter H. Weiss (-Blankenhorn) is a member of the editorial board of Neurological Research and Practice.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}