{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:59:58Z","timestamp":1781704798650,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mizuho Foundation for the Promotion of Science"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012005","name":"Fujikura Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC biomed eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seat cushion materials affect the mechanical demands of sit-to-stand (STS) movements; however, the effects of specific material properties, such as resilience and hardness, remain unclear. Understanding how these factors influence lower-limb joint moments and movement strategies during STS may contribute to the development of seat designs that assist individuals with reduced lower-limb strength. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the fundamental mechanical effects of seat cushion resilience and hardness on STS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen healthy young adults performed STS from five polyurethane foam cushions that differed in resilience (14\u201355%) and 40% compression hardness (66\u2013336\u00a0N). The material ranges were determined with reference to technical documents and a published patent specification to ensure they were within the range commonly used in everyday seating products. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a motion capture system and two force plates. Net joint moments were calculated via inverse dynamics, and differences among seat conditions were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA or the Friedman test, with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seat resilience significantly affected the peak hip and knee extensor moments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.35\u20130.48). High-resilience cushions delayed seat-off timing and maintained greater seat reaction force at the timings of peak hip and knee extensor moments. In contrast, seat hardness mainly influenced horizontal center-of-mass (COM) velocity and hip joint moment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01, \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.31\u20130.37), with softer seats producing larger values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-resilience cushions delayed seat-off and maintained buttock support for a longer duration, thereby reducing the peak hip and knee extensor moments. In contrast, softer seats promoted a strategy involving greater horizontal momentum generation by the upper body, which consequently required an increased hip extensor moment to decelerate this momentum. Cushions with a resilience of \u2265\u200953% and 40% compression hardness of \u2265\u2009180\u00a0N effectively reduced lower-limb joint loading. The results of this study provide fundamental insights that may contribute to future research on chair design and cushion selection in clinical and caregiving environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-026-00115-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:43:11Z","timestamp":1781703791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of seat cushion resilience and hardness on lower-limb loading during sit-to-stand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Onoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199006000-00015","volume":"22","author":"Y Pai","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pai Y, Rogers MW. 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This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Science and Technology at Keio University (Approval No. 2023-048) on July 7, 2023 in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}