{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:22:22Z","timestamp":1783102942224,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC biomed eng"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:01:11Z","timestamp":1783101671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An edge-AI enabled wearable platform for real-time epileptic seizure detection with geolocated alerting"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6947-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsion","family":"Fekadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kidist","family":"Dagnachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdi","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Avan A, Feigin VL, Bennett DA, Steinmetz JD, Hachinski V, Stranges S, et al. The burden of neurological conditions in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob Health. 2024;12(6):e960\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00093-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00093-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"116_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12830","volume":"8","author":"B Schmitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmitz B, Lattanzi S, Vonck K, K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen R, Nashef L, Ben-Menachem E. Cenobamate in refractory epilepsy: overview of treatment options and practical considerations. Epilepsia Open. 2023;8(4):1241\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi4.12830.","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"116_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18003","volume":"65","author":"E Kaufmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaufmann E, Peltola J, Colon AJ, Lehtim\u00e4ki K, Majtanik M, Mai JK, et al. Long-term evaluation of anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation for epilepsy in the European MORE registry. Epilepsia. 2024;65(8):2438\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.18003.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"116_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003602866","volume-title":"Epilepsy in resource limited settings: managing quality of life","author":"R Mugumbate","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mugumbate R. Epilepsy in resource limited settings: managing quality of life. Taylor & Francis; 2025."},{"key":"116_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna PVR, Senthil M. A comprehensive analysis of automatic epilepsy detection techniques: problems and limitations. Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Self Sustainable Artificial Intelligence Systems (ICSSAS). IEEE; 2024, pp. 691\u201396.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSAS64001.2024.10760412"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"116_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.2013198","volume":"18","author":"A Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali A, Dindoust D, Grant J, Clarke D. Delivering epilepsy care in low-resource settings: the role of technology. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2021;18(sup1):13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17434440.2021.2013198.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"116_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117611","volume":"428","author":"J Shum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shum J, Friedman D. Commercially available seizure detection devices: a systematic review. J Neurological Sci. 2021;428:117611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117611.","journal-title":"J Neurological Sci"},{"key":"116_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109486","volume":"148","author":"PM Larsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larsen PM, Beniczky S. Non-electroencephalogram-based seizure detection devices: state of the art and future perspectives. Epilepsy Behav. 2023;148:109486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109486.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"116_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17917","volume":"65","author":"DM Goldenholz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldenholz DM, Karoly PJ, Viana PF, Nurse E, Loddenkemper T, Schulze-Bonhage A, et al. Minimum clinical utility standards for wearable seizure detectors: a simulation study. Epilepsia. 2024;65(4):1017\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17917.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"116_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-24-7","volume":"10","author":"M Sasseville","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sasseville M, Attisso E, Gagnon M-P, Supper J-M-W, Ouellet S, Amil S, et al. Performance, impact and experiences of using wearable devices for seizure detection in community-based settings: a mixed methods systematic review. Mhealth. 2024;10:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/mhealth-24-7.","journal-title":"Mhealth"},{"issue":"8","key":"116_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17297","volume":"63","author":"V Naganur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naganur V, Sivathamboo S, Chen Z, Kusmakar S, Antonic-Baker A, O\u2019Brien TJ, et al. Automated seizure detection with noninvasive wearable devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2022;63(8):1930\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17297.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"116_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03207-2","volume":"96","author":"MAJ Ryan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryan MAJ, Malhotra A. Electrographic monitoring for seizure detection in the neonatal unit: current status and future direction. Pediatr Res. 2024;96(4):896\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03207-2.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"116_CR13","unstructured":"Kore MS. Optimized latency in IoT healthcare: edge-driven system with fog and cloud support [dissertation]. Dublin: National College of Ireland; 2024."},{"key":"116_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadady L, Robinson T, Bruno E, Richardson MP, Beniczky S. Users\u2019 perspectives and preferences on using wearables in epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia. 2025.","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18280"},{"issue":"2","key":"116_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300118","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202300118","volume":"3","author":"D Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D, Min J, Ko SH. Recent developments and future directions of wearable skin biosignal sensors. Adv Sens Res. 2024;3(2):2300118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adsr.202300118.","journal-title":"Adv Sens Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"116_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10060658","volume":"10","author":"H Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen H, Wang Z, Lu C, Shu F, Chen C, Wang L, et al. Neonatal seizure detection using a wearable multi-sensor system. Bioengineering. 2023;10(6):658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10060658.","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"116_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.109087","volume":"273","author":"C Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong C, van Dijk JP, Aarts RM, Wang Y, Long X. Detection of nocturnal epileptic seizures using a wearable armband: a deep learning approach combining accelerometry and photoplethysmography signals. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2025;273:109087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.109087.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"12","key":"116_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17774","volume":"64","author":"S Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu S, Atrache RE, Tang J, Jackson M, Makarucha A, Cantley S, et al. Artificial intelligence-enhanced epileptic seizure detection by wearables. Epilepsia. 2023;64(12):3213\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.17774.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"116_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedinformatics5010014","volume":"5","author":"E Tsakanika","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsakanika E, Tsoukas V, Kakarountas A, Kokkinos V. High accuracy of epileptic seizure detection using tiny machine learning technology for implantable closed-loop neurostimulation systems. BioMedInformatics. 2025;5(1):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedinformatics5010014.","journal-title":"BioMedinformatics"},{"key":"116_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00043","volume":"12","author":"F Manzouri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manzouri F, Heller S, D\u00fcmpelmann M, Woias P, Schulze-Bonhage A. A comparison of machine learning classifiers for energy-efficient implementation of seizure detection. Front Syst Neurosci. 2018;12:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00043.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"116_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jagtap SS, Saranya G, Sathish M, Priyadharshini S, et al. Gps based iot module for vehicle safety in epileptic seizure detection and alcohol monitoring. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Social Networking (ICPCSN). IEEE; 2024, pp. 1036\u201342.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPCSN62568.2024.00172"},{"key":"116_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aziz S, Ali AAM, Aslam H, Ul Ain N, Tariq A, Sohail Z, et al. Wearable artificial intelligence for epilepsy: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e73593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/73593.","DOI":"10.2196\/73593"},{"key":"116_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425490","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1425490","volume":"15","author":"WT Kerr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kerr WT, McFarlane KN, Pucci GF. The present and future of seizure detection, prediction, and forecasting with machine learning, including the future impact on clinical trials. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1425490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1425490.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"116_CR24","unstructured":"Empatica Inc. Embrace2 seizure monitoring system: product specifications. 2023. FDA-cleared for seizure detection [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.empatica.com\/embrace2."},{"key":"116_CR25","unstructured":"S. \u201cInspyre seizure detection smartwatch,\u201d technical specifications, 2022, accelerometer-based seizure detection; marketed as affordable health tracker. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.smart-monitor.com\/inspyre."},{"key":"116_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.01.005","volume":"136","author":"JM Nielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen JM, Zibrandtsen IC, Masulli P, S\u00f8rensen TL, Andersen TS, Kj\u00e6r TW. Towards a wearable multi-modal seizure detection system in epilepsy: a pilot study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;136:40\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.01.005.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"116_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2024.3395534","volume":"18","author":"TM Ingolfsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ingolfsson TM, Wang X, Chakraborty U, Benatti S, Bernini A, Ducouret P, et al. Brainfusenet: enhancing wearable seizure detection through EEG-PPG-accelerometer sensor fusion and efficient edge deployment. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2024;18(4):720\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBCAS.2024.3395534.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"116_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52551-0","volume":"14","author":"TM Ingolfsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ingolfsson TM, Benatti S, Wang X, Bernini A, Ducouret P, Ryvlin P, et al. Minimizing artifact-induced false-alarms for seizure detection in wearable eeg devices with gradient-boosted tree classifiers. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):2980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52551-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"116_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-023-00073-7","volume":"5","author":"M Habtamu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habtamu M, Tolosa K, Abera K, Demissie L, Samuel S, Temesgen Y, et al. A novel wearable device for automated real-time detection of epileptic seizures. BMC Biomed Eng. 2023;5(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42490-023-00073-7.","journal-title":"BMC Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"116_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98389-y","volume":"15","author":"JP Carvajal-Dossman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carvajal-Dossman$$^1$$ JP, Guio L, Garc\u00eda-Orjuela D, Guzm\u00e1n-Porras JJ, Garces K, Naranjo A, et al. Retraining and evaluation of machine learning and deep learning models for seizure classification from EEG data. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):15345.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"116_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong I, Chung WG, Kim E, Park W, Song H, Lee J, et al. Machine learning in biosignal analysis from wearable devices. Mater Horiz. 2025.","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MH00451A"},{"issue":"8","key":"116_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16967","volume":"62","author":"J Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang J, Atrache RE, Yu S, Asif U, Jackson M, Roy S, et al. Seizure detection using wearable sensors and machine learning: setting a benchmark. Epilepsia. 2021;62(8):1807\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.16967.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"116_CR33","unstructured":"Dan J, Shahbazinia A, Kechris C, Atienza D. Szcore as a benchmark: report from the seizure detection challenge at the AI in Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders Conference. arXiv [Preprint]. 2025;2505.18191."},{"issue":"1","key":"116_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05580-x","volume":"12","author":"M Bhagubai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhagubai M, Chatzichristos C, Swinnen L, Macea J, Zhang J, Lagae L, et al. SeizeIT2: wearable dataset of patients with focal epilepsy. Sci Data. 2025;12(1):1228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-05580-x.","journal-title":"Sci DataSci Data"}],"container-title":["BMC Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:01:25Z","timestamp":1783101685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42490-026-00116-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research did not involve humans, animals, or other subjects. According to Dilla University\u2019s institutional review board (IRB), no formal ethics approval was required in this particular case.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent"}},{"value":"The authors affirm no competing interests, financial or otherwise, exist regarding this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}