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Nevertheless, numerous patients remain without identification of a genetic cause.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We present four unrelated Chinese patients with <jats:italic>SPOUT1<\/jats:italic> compound heterozygous variants, all of whom were diagnosed with DEE. We also investigated functions of <jats:italic>SPOUT1<\/jats:italic> using the <jats:italic>spout1<\/jats:italic> knockout zebrafish model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The four unrelated DEE patients with <jats:italic>SPOUT1<\/jats:italic> compound heterozygous variants were all males. Their onset age of seizure ranged from 3 months to 6 months (median age 5 months). All patients had epileptic spasms, and were diagnosed with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS). Three patients had microcephaly during infancy. Brain MRI in three patients showed white matter hypomyelination and bilaterally widened frontotemporal subarachnoid space. At the last follow-up, two patients exhibited drug-resistant epilepsy, one achieved seizure freedom following vigabatrin treatment, and one died at the age of 4 years and 5 months from probable sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Seven different <jats:italic>SPOUT1<\/jats:italic> variants were identified in the four patients, including six missense variants and one deletion variant. AlphaFold2 prediction indicated that all variants alternated the number or the length of bonds between animo acids in protein SPOUT1. Neurophysiological results from <jats:italic>spout1<\/jats:italic> knockout zebrafish revealed the presence of epileptiform signals in 9 out of 63 <jats:italic>spout1<\/jats:italic> knockout zebrafishes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). Transcriptome sequencing revealed 21 differentially expressed genes between <jats:italic>spout1<\/jats:italic> knockout and control groups, including 13 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated genes. Two axonal transport-related genes, <jats:italic>kif3a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ap3d1<\/jats:italic>, were most prominently\u00a0involved in enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study identified <jats:italic>SPOUT1<\/jats:italic> as a novel candidate gene of DEE, which follows the autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern. IESS is the most common epilepsy syndrome. Downregulation of axonal transport-related genes, <jats:italic>KIF3A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AP3D1<\/jats:italic>, may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DEE.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-024-00185-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T19:02:14Z","timestamp":1734202934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SPOUT1 variants associated with autosomal-recessive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xilong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conglei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taoyun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyue","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"185_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","volume":"58","author":"IE Scheffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, et al. 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Informed consent was obtained from the parents of all the children.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Author Yuwu Jiang is the member of the Editorial Board of Acta Epileptologica, who was not involved in the journal\u2019s review of or decisions related to this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}