{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:49:38Z","timestamp":1782978578987,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024886","name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut f\u00fcr Tiergesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["One Health Outlook"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As the human COVID-19 pandemic progressed, the causative agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in an increasing number of animal species, raising concerns about the establishment of new animal reservoirs. Here, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples of 123 mammals housed in various zoological institutions in Germany with direct or indirect contact to humans (visitors and zoo staff), collected between December 2019 and January 2025. The animals included diverse representatives from the orders Artiodactyla (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200959), Carnivora (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200954), as well as Proboscidea (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097), two perissodactyls, and a rodent. All serum samples were tested using a species-independent commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and a multispecies receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based ELISA. With two exceptions, all samples tested consistently negative in both assays. However, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in a European moose (\n                    <jats:italic>Alces alces<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and an Asian golden cat (\n                    <jats:italic>Catopuma temminckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), sampled in 2020 and 2021, respectively, expanding the known host range of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, pathogen monitoring and continued health surveillance in both captive and wild animal populations are essential for understanding the actual host range, potential reservoir formation, and the broader implications for animal and public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:34:23Z","timestamp":1782930863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological investigation of zoo animals: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected in a European moose and an Asian golden cat"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wernike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Grund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727\u201333.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"227_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. COVID\u201319 strategy update\u2009\u2013\u200914 April 2020. Online available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail\/covid-19-strategy-update---14-april-2020. accessed 05 June 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","volume":"20","author":"E Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):533\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2021.03.004","volume":"110","author":"A Michelitsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michelitsch A, Wernike K, Ulrich L, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models. Adv Virus Res. 2021;110:59\u2013102.","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"227_CR5","unstructured":"WOAH. SARS-COV-2 in animals \u2013 situation report 22. Online available: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2023\/07\/sars-cov-2-situation-report-22pdf. Accessed 06 June 2025."},{"key":"227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallichotte EN, Bashor L, Erbeck K, Croft L, Stache K, Long J et al. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in lions, tigers, and hyenas at Denver Zoo. mSphere. 2025:e0098924.","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00989-24"},{"key":"227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bellon H, Rodon J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Bastit L, Almagro V, Padilla-Sol\u00e9 P, Lorca-Or\u00f3 C et al. Monitoring natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral dynamics and host responses. Viruses. 2021;13(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091683"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2804.212219","volume":"28","author":"HN Grome","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grome HN, Meyer B, Read E, Buchanan M, Cushing A, Sawatzki K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak among Malayan tigers and humans, Tennessee, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(4):833\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05469-9","volume":"167","author":"A Nagy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagy A, Star\u00e1 M, Vodi\u010dka R, \u010cern\u00edkov\u00e1 L, Ji\u0159incov\u00e1 H, K\u0159ivda V, Sedl\u00e1k K. Reverse-zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineage alpha (B.1.1.7) to great apes and exotic felids in a zoo in the Czech Republic. Arch Virol. 2022;167(8):1681\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L, Gyimesi ZS, Killian ML, Torchetti M, Olmstead C, Fredrickson R, Terio KA. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 clade B.1.2 in three snow leopards. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14625"},{"key":"227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vercammen F, Cay B, Gryseels S, Balmelle N, Joffrin L, Van Hoorde K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in captive hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius), Belgium. Animals. 2023;13(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020316"},{"key":"227_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusseldorp F, Bruins-van-Sonsbeek LGR, Buskermolen M, Niphuis H, Dirven M, Whelan J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in lions, gorillas and zookeepers in the Rotterdam Zoo, The Netherlands, a one health investigation, November 2021. 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Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):11171.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13926","volume":"68","author":"K Wernike","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wernike K, Aebischer A, Michelitsch A, Hoffmann D, Freuling C, Balkema-Buschmann A, et al. Multi-species ELISA for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68(4):1779\u201385.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein C, Michelitsch A, Allendorf V, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Denzin N, Wernike K. Dogs and cats are less susceptible to the Omicron variant of concern of SARS-CoV-2: A field study in Germany, 2021\/2022. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023;2023:1868732.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1868732"},{"issue":"10","key":"227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.241079","volume":"30","author":"K Wernike","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wernike K, Mehl C, Aebischer A, Ulrich L, Heising M, Ulrich RG, Beer M. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in rats, Berlin, Germany, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(10):2205\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12225","volume":"51","author":"S Gryseels","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gryseels S, De Bruyn L, Gyselings R, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH, Leirs H. Risk of human-to-wildlife transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Mamm Rev. 2021;51(2):272\u201392.","journal-title":"Mamm Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108319","volume":"26","author":"JD Kotwa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotwa JD, Lobb B, Mass\u00e9 A, Gagnier M, Aftanas P, Banerjee A, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic characterization of delta SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). iScience. 2023;26(11):108319.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012883","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012883","volume":"21","author":"AD Marques","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marques AD, Hogenauer M, Bauer N, Gibison M, DeMarco B, Sherrill-Mix S, et al. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania 2021\u20132024. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21(1):e1012883.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"227_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012039","volume":"20","author":"TB Rasmussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasmussen TB, Qvesel AG, Pedersen AG, Olesen AS, Fonager J, Rasmussen M, et al. Emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants from farmed mink to humans and back during the epidemic in Denmark, June-November 2020. PLoS Pathog. 2024;20(7):e1012039.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghai RR, Straily A, Wineland N, Calogero J, Stobierski MG, Signs K, et al. Epidemiologic and genomic evidence for zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among people and animals on a Michigan Mink Farm, United States. 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Transbound Emerg Dis. 2023;2023:3324790.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.231056","volume":"30","author":"K Purves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Purves K, Brown H, Haverty R, Ryan A, Griffin LL, McCormack J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in urban population of wild fallow deer, Dublin, Ireland, 2020\u20132022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(8):1609\u201320.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"227_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wernike K, Fischer L, Holsteg M, Aebischer A, Petrov A, Marquart K, et al. Serological screening in wild ruminants in Germany, 2021\/22: No evidence of SARS-CoV-2, bluetongue virus or pestivirus spread but high seroprevalences against Schmallenberg virus. 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Zenodo. 2025."}],"container-title":["One Health Outlook"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:23:27Z","timestamp":1782977007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42522-026-00227-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We used blood samples that were taken in the context of routine health monitorings by the responsible veterinarian or that were collected post mortem. All blood samples used in the present study were remnants of samples originally collected for diagnostic or other purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}