{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:46:51Z","timestamp":1780102011944,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIMA programme - European Union","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["anim microbiome"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of<jats:italic>Hermetia illucens<\/jats:italic>(Black soldier fly-BSF) and<jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>(Yellow mealworm-YMW) live larvae as a new nutritional model on duck\u2019s gut health, considering gut histomorphometry, mucin composition, cytokines transcription levels, and microbiota. A total of 126, 3-days-old, females Muscovy ducks were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (6 replicates\/treatment, 7 birds\/pen): (i) C: basal diet; (ii) BSF: C\u2009+\u2009BSF live larvae; (iii) YMW: C\u2009+\u2009YMW live larvae. BSF and YMW live larvae were administered on top of the basal diet, based on the 5% of the expected daily feed intake. The live weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were evaluated for the whole experimental period. On day 52, 12 ducks\/treatment (2 birds\/replicate) were slaughtered and samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, spleen, liver, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were collected for histomorphometry. Mucin composition was evaluated in the small intestine through histochemical staining while jejunal MUC-2 and cytokines transcription levels were evaluated by rt-qPCR. Cecal microbiota was also analyzed by means of 16\u00a0S rRNA gene sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birds\u2019 growth performance and histomorphometry were not influenced by diet, with a proximo-distal decreasing gradient from duodenum to ileum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respecting the physiological gut development. Mucin staining intensity and MUC-2 gene expression did not vary among dietary treatments, even though mucin intensity increased from duodenum to ileum, according to normal gut mucus physiology (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding local immune response, IL-6 was higher in YMW group when compared to the other groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). Insect live larvae did not affect cecal microbiota diversity, but BSF and YMW groups showed a higher presence of<jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Elusimicrobium<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Succinatimonas<\/jats:italic>and a lower abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and<jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic>compared to C birds (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of BSF and YMW live larvae as new nutritional model did not impair gut development and mucin composition of Muscovy ducks, but slightly improved the intestinal immune status and the microbiota composition by enhancing regulatory cytokine IL-6 and by increasing minor Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) involved in short-chain fatty acids production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T14:02:22Z","timestamp":1716991342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insect live larvae as a new nutritional model in duck: effects on gut health"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Colombino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gariglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Biasato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilario","family":"Ferrocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Fragola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Battisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Zanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Ferroglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Capucchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achille","family":"Schiavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101241","volume":"100","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Shafer D, Sifri M, Lilburn M, Karcher D, Cherry P, et al. Centennial Review: history and husbandry recommendations for raising Pekin ducks in research or commercial production. Poult Sci. 2021;100:101241.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0217-x","volume":"9","author":"AM Fouad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fouad AM, Ruan D, Wang S, Chen W, Xia W, Zheng C. Nutritional requirements of meat-type and egg-type ducks: what do we know? J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040155","volume":"9","author":"A Kovitvadhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Thongprajukaew K, Tirawattanawanich C, Srikachar S, Chotimanothum B. Potential of insect meals as protein sources for meat-type ducks based on in vitro digestibility. Animals. 2019;9:155.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2020.g435","volume":"7","author":"SE Abdel-Hamid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdel-Hamid SE, Saleem ASY, Youssef MI, Mohammed HH, Abdelaty AI. Influence of housing systems on duck behavior and welfare. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2020;7:407\u201313.","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"key":"316_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew359","volume":"96","author":"SO Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park SO, Kim WK. Effects of betaine on biological functions in meat-type ducks exposed to heat stress. Poult Sci. 2017;96:1212\u201318.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex283","volume":"97","author":"Y Bi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bi Y, Nan XM, Zheng SS, Jiang LS, Xiong BH. Effects of dietary threonine and immune stress on growth performance, carcass trait, serum immune parameters, and intestinal muc2 and NF-\u03bab gene expression in Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 days. Poult Sci. 2018;97:177\u201387.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR7","unstructured":"Bailey R. Gut Health in Poultry - The World Within. Aviagen, Ross Tech Note. 2019:2\u201310."},{"key":"316_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-24","volume":"9","author":"SC Bischoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bischoff SC. Gut health\u2019: a new objective in medicine? BMC Med. 2011;9:24.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"316_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00091","volume":"87","author":"M Yegani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yegani M, Korver DR. Factors affecting intestinal health in poultry. Poult Sci. 2008;87:2052\u201363.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"MH Rostagno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rostagno MH. Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. J Anim Sci. 2020;4:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"316_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0538-6","volume":"49","author":"R Ducatelle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ducatelle R, Goossens E, de Meyer F, Eeckhaut V, Antonissen G, Haesebrouck F, et al. Biomarkers for monitoring intestinal health in poultry: Present status and future perspectives. Vet Res. 2018;49:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"316_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002319","volume":"123","author":"S Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin S, Zhang K, Applegate TJ, Ding X, Bai S, Luo Y, et al. Dietary administration of resistant starch improved caecal barrier function by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating microbiota composition in meat duck. Br J Nutr. 2020;123:172\u201381.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"316_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.11.007","volume":"174","author":"K Pichova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pichova K, Nordgreen J, Leterrier C, Kostal L, Moe RO. The effects of food-related environmental complexity on litter directed behaviour, fear and exploration of novel stimuli in young broiler chickens. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2016;174:83\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"316_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2018.x001","volume":"4","author":"L Gasco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gasco L, Finke M, van Huis A. Can diets containing insects promote animal health? J Insects Food Feed. 2018;4:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"316_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102819","volume":"11","author":"E Colombino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colombino E, Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Oddon SB, Caimi C, Gariglio M, et al. Effect of insect live larvae as environmental enrichment on poultry gut health: gut mucin composition, microbiota and local immune response evaluation. Animals. 2021;11:2819.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00949-7","volume":"14","author":"M Gariglio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Renna M, Biasato I, Bellezza Oddon S, Meneguz M, et al. Does the provision of live black soldier fly and yellow mealworm larvae improve muscovy duck welfare? J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2023;14:153\u201367.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060307","volume":"9","author":"M Gariglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Crispo M, Biasato I, Gai F, Gasco L, et al. Effects of the dietary inclusion of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal on the blood chemistry and tissue (spleen, liver, thymus, and bursa of fabricius) histology of muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata Domestica). Animals. 2019;9:307.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0344-7","volume":"10","author":"M Gariglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Biasato I, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Hern\u00e1ndez F, et al. Nutritional effects of the dietary inclusion of partially defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal in Muscovy duck. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019;10:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew220","volume":"96","author":"MM Islam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Islam MM, Yang CJ. Efficacy of mealworm and super mealworm larvae probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics challenged orally with Salmonella and E. Coli infection in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 2017;96:27\u201334.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.06.015","volume":"11","author":"B Kiero\u0144czyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiero\u0144czyk B, Rawski M, Miko\u0142ajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, et al. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. Anim Nutr. 2022;11:60\u201379.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"316_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01675","volume":"91","author":"V Laudadio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laudadio V, Passantino L, Perillo A, Lopresti G, Passantino A, Khan RU, et al. Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels. Poult Sci. 2012;91:265\u201370.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.3.476","volume":"85","author":"RD Miles","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miles RD, Butcher GD, Henry PR, Littell RC. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poult Sci. 2006;85:476\u201385.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR23","unstructured":"Grimaud Freres. Grimaud Fr\u00e8res Selection rearing guide. Roasting canedins. France. 2022. http:\/\/www.grimaudfreres.com\/en\/"},{"key":"316_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12487","volume":"100","author":"I Biasato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biasato I, De Marco M, Rotolo L, Renna M, Lussiana C, Dabbou S, et al. Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free-range chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2016;100:1104\u201312.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"316_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex308","volume":"97","author":"I Biasato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biasato I, Gasco L, De Marco M, Renna M, Rotolo L, Dabbou S, et al. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for male broiler chickens: effects on growth performance, gut morphology, and histological findings. Poult Sci. 2018;97:540\u20138.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9201","volume":"94","author":"F Bovera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bovera F, Loponte R, Marono S, Piccolo G, Parisi G, Iaconisi V, et al. Use of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal as protein source in broiler diet: Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass and meat traits. J Anim Sci. 2016;94:639\u201347.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"316_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.19.22","volume":"10","author":"E Kusnadi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kusnadi E, Djulardi A. Physiological dynamic of broiler at various environmental temperatures. Int J Poult Sci. 2011;10:19\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109151","volume":"260","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yang CY, Li C, Xu Z, Peng P, Xue C, et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larval diet improves CD8\u2009+\u2009lymphocytes proliferation to eliminate chicken coronavirus at an early infection stage. Vet Microbiol. 2021;260:109151.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"316_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2023-0022","volume":"67","author":"B Tyka\u0142owski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tyka\u0142owski B, Koncicki A, Kowalczyk J, \u015amia\u0142ek M, Baku\u0142a T, Murawska D, et al. The impact of full-fat larvae meal on the health and immune system function of broiler chickens. J Vet Res. 2023;67:197\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Vet Res"},{"key":"316_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00009","volume":"88","author":"NL Horn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horn NL, Donkin SS, Applegate TJ, Adeola O. Intestinal mucin dynamics: response of broiler chicks and White Pekin ducklings to dietary threonine. Poult Sci. 2009;88:1906\u201314.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1690-y","volume":"14","author":"I Biasato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Biasibetti E, Grego E, Dabbou S, Sereno A, et al. Modulation of intestinal microbiota, morphology and mucin composition by dietary insect meal inclusion in free-range chickens. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"316_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0413-y","volume":"11","author":"I Biasato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Dabbou S, Evangelista R, Gai F, Gasco L, et al. Black soldier fly and gut health in broiler chickens: insights into the relationship between cecal microbiota and intestinal mucin composition. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2020;11:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101909","volume":"10","author":"I Biasato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Grego E, Dabbou S, Gai F, Gasco L, et al. Yellow mealworm inclusion in diets for heavy-size broiler chickens: implications for intestinal microbiota and mucin dynamics. Animals. 2020;10:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020224","volume":"10","author":"U Elahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elahi U, Wang J, Ma YB, Wu SG, Wu J, Qi GH, et al. Evaluation of yellow mealworm meal as a protein feedstuff in the diet of broiler chicks. Animals. 2020;10:224.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050213","volume":"9","author":"I Biasato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Grego E, Dabbou S, Gai F, Gasco L, et al. Gut microbiota and mucin composition in female broiler chickens fed diets including yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, L). Animals. 2019;9:213.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082199","volume":"26","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wen R, Liu D, Zhang C, Wang ZA, Du Y. Exploring effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on the DSS-induced intestinal barrier impairment in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2021;26:2199.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"316_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500874f","volume":"13","author":"S van der Post","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Post S, Thomsson KA, Hansson GC. Multiple enzyme approach for the characterization of glycan modifications on the C-terminus of the intestinal MUC2mucin. J Proteome Res. 2014;13:6013\u201323.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"316_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1162","volume":"117","author":"SM Opal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Opal SM, DePalo VA. Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest. 2020;117:1162\u201372.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"316_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","volume":"6","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Il-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6:a016295.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"316_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188634","volume":"12","author":"Z Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microbiota composition in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0188634.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"316_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1143-7","volume":"183","author":"M Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen M, Zhao H, Liu G, Chen X, Wu B, Tian G, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth performance, intestinal development, and intestinal barrier-related gene expression in Pekin ducks. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018;183:351\u201360.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"316_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey380","volume":"98","author":"WQ Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai WQ, Zhang KY, Ding XM, Bai SP, Wang JP, Peng HW, et al. High dietary energy content increases inflammatory markers after lipopolysaccharide challenge in meat ducks. Poult Sci. 2019;98:164\u201371.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0358-1","volume":"10","author":"M Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019;10:1\u201316.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.10.002","volume":"20","author":"CG Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee CG, Da Silva CA, Lee JY, Hartl D, Elias JA. Chitin regulation of immune responses: an old molecule with new roles. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008;20:684\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"316_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112068","volume":"10","author":"J Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong J, Han T, Kim YY. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Larvae) as an alternative protein source for Monogastric Animal: a review. Animals. 2020;10:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2023.2272706","volume":"22","author":"AL Mart\u00ednez Mar\u00edn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Mar\u00edn AL, Gariglio M, Pozzo S, Capucchio MT, Ferrocino I, Biasato I, et al. Effects of partially defatted larvae meal of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on caecal microbiota and volatile compounds of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata Domestica). Ital J Anim Sci. 2023;22:1151\u201361.","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"316_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.565367","volume":"11","author":"C Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu C, Xu W, Tao Z, Song W, Liu H, Zhang S, et al. Effects of rearing conditions and sex on cecal microbiota in ducks. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:2424.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"316_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.844102","volume":"13","author":"Z Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu Z, Yang H, Xiao Y, Wang X, Yang C, Lu L, et al. Ileal Microbiota alters the immunity statues to Affect Body Weight in Muscovy Ducks. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"316_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.040","volume":"99","author":"H Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang H, Lyu W, Lu L, Shi X, Li N, Wang W, et al. Biogeography of microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of duck. Poult Sci. 2020;99:4016\u201327.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.032","volume":"159","author":"D Stanley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stanley D, Keyburn AL, Denman SE, Moore RJ. Changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following Clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis. Vet Microbiol. 2012;159:155\u201362.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"316_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16560-6","volume":"7","author":"L Borrelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borrelli L, Coretti L, Dipineto L, Bovera F, Menna F, Chiariotti L, et al. Insect-based diet, a promising nutritional source, modulates gut microbiota composition and SCFAs production in laying hens. Sci Rep. 2017;7:16269.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"316_CR52","first-page":"204","volume":"87","author":"F Vasa\u00ef","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vasa\u00ef F, Brugirard Ricaud K, Bernadet MD, Cauquil L, Bouchez O, Combes S, et al. Overfeeding and genetics affect the composition of intestinal microbiota in Anas platyrhynchos (Pekin) and Cairina moschata (muscovy) ducks. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2014;87:204\u201316.","journal-title":"Ecol"},{"key":"316_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010103","volume":"10","author":"I Rychlik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rychlik I. Composition and function of chicken gut microbiota. Animals. 2020;10:103.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"316_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-1834-1","volume":"9","author":"Z Qi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qi Z, Shi S, Tu J, Li S. Comparative metagenomic sequencing analysis of cecum microbiotal diversity and function in broilers and layers. 3 Biotech. 2019;9:316.","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"316_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10139","volume":"100","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Xing T, Jiang Y, Zhang L, et al. Dietary resistant starch modifies the composition and function of caecal microbiota of broilers. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100:1274\u201384.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"316_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1131S","volume":"73","author":"B Deplancke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deplancke B, Gaskins HR. Microbial modulation of innate defense: goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:S1131\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"316_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex359","volume":"97","author":"V Clavijo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clavijo V, Fl\u00f3rez MJV. The gastrointestinal microbiome and its association with the control of pathogens in broiler chicken production: a review. Poult Sci. 2018;97:1006\u201321.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30743-5_20","volume-title":"The Family Succinivibrionaceae. The prokaryotes","author":"E Stackebrandt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stackebrandt E, Hespell RB. The Family Succinivibrionaceae. The prokaryotes. New York: Springer; 2006. pp. 419\u201329."},{"key":"316_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30138-4_343","volume-title":"The family Coriobacteriaceae. The prokaryotes: Actinobacteria","author":"T Clavel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clavel T, Lepage P, Charrier C. The family Coriobacteriaceae. The prokaryotes: Actinobacteria. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-; 2014. pp. 201\u201338."},{"key":"316_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102725","volume":"54","author":"K van Malderen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Malderen K, de Winter BY, de Man JG, de Schepper HU, Lamote K. Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. EBioMedicine. 2020;54:102725.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"316_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.06.007","volume":"149","author":"NF Addeo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Addeo NF, Randazzo B, Olivotto I, Messina M, Tulli F, Vozzo S, et al. Low inclusion levels of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, Gould, 1837) diet improve the intestinal morphometry, enzymatic activity and caecal short chain fatty acids profile. Res Vet Sci. 2022;149:51\u20139.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"316_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2023.2283083","volume":"23","author":"A Schiavone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schiavone A, Castillo A. Incorporating whole insect larvae into poultry diets: state of the art and future perspectives. It J Anim Sci. 2024;23:1\u201314.","journal-title":"It J Anim Sci"},{"key":"316_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04091","volume":"93","author":"SN Qaisrani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qaisrani SN, Moquet PCA, van Krimpen MM, Kwakkel RP, Verstegen MWA, Hendriks WH. Protein source and dietary structure influence growth performance, gut morphology, and hindgut fermentation characteristics in broilers. Poult Sci. 2014;93:3053\u201364.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"316_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683806050024","volume":"42","author":"DV Rebrikov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rebrikov DV, Trofimov DY. Real-time PCR: a review of approaches to data analysis. Appl Biochem Microbiol. 2006;42:455\u201363.","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Microbiol"},{"key":"316_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108576","volume":"116","author":"G Battelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battelli G, Scano P, Albano C, Cagliani LR, Brasca M, Consonni R. Modifications of the volatile and nonvolatile metabolome of goat cheese due to adjunct of non-starter lactic acid bacteria. LWT. 2019;116:108576.","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"316_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.12.002","volume":"37","author":"SC Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor SC, Nadeau K, Abbasi M, Lachance C, Nguyen M, Fenrich J. The Ultimate qPCR experiment: producing publication quality, reproducible data the First Time. Trends Biotechnol. 2019;37:761\u201374.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"316_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","volume":"27","author":"T Magoc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magoc T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:2957\u201363.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"316_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7:335\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"316_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00983","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00983-17","volume":"83","author":"I Ferrocino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferrocino I, Bellio A, Romano A, Macori G, Rantsiou K, Decastelli L, et al. RNA-Based amplicon sequencing reveals Microbiota Development during Ripening of Artisanal versus Industrial Lard d\u2019Arnad. Appl Environ Microb. 2017;83:e00983\u201317.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"316_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02228.x","volume":"14","author":"P Dixon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dixon P. VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology. J Veg Sci. 2003;14:927\u201330.","journal-title":"J Veg Sci"}],"container-title":["Animal Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T16:56:40Z","timestamp":1732121800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/animalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42523-024-00316-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation of the DVS (Protocol n. 380576). All animals were handled in respect to the principles stated by the EC Directive 86\/609\/EEC regarding the protection of animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}